Butyricimonas synergistica gen. nov., sp. nov. and Butyricimonas virosa sp. nov., butyric acid-producing bacteria in the family ‘Porphyromonadaceae’ isolated from rat faeces
Two bacterial strains, designated MT01T and MT12T, isolated from rat faeces were characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach that included analysis of their phenotypic and biochemical features, cellular fatty acid profiles, menaquinone profiles and phylogeny based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that these strains were members of the family ‘Porphyromonadaceae’. The strains shared 94 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with each other and were related to Odoribacter splanchnicus NCTC 10825T (86–87 % sequence similarity). The strains consisted of obligately anaerobic, non-pigmented, non-spore-forming, non-motile, Gram-negative rods. Growth of the strains was inhibited on medium containing 20 % bile. The two strains produced significant levels of butyric and isobutyric acids as end products from glucose. Although the major cellular fatty acid of these two strains and O. splanchnicus JCM 15291T was iso-C15 : 0, strains MT01T and MT12T showed a higher level of iso-C15 : 0 (66 and 74 %, respectively) than did O. splanchnicus JCM 15291T (48 %). In addition, the ratios of iso-C15 : 0 to anteiso-C15 : 0 in whole-cell methanolysates of the two isolates were very much higher than that of O. splanchnicus JCM 15291T. The major menaquinone of the isolates was MK-10. This menaquinone composition was different from those of other genera of the family ‘Porphyromonadaceae’, such as Barnesiella (predominant menaquinones: MK-11 and MK-12), Odoribacter (MK-9), Paludibacter (MK-8), Parabacteroides (MK-9 and MK-10), Porphyromonas (MK-9 and MK-10) and Tannerella (MK-10 and MK-11). Menaquinone composition is therefore an important chemotaxonomic characteristic of these micro-organisms. Strains MT01T and MT12T have DNA G+C contents of 46 mol%. On the basis of these data, strains MT01T and MT12T represent two novel species of a novel genus, for which the names Butyricimonas synergistica gen. nov., sp. nov. and Butyricimonas virosa sp. nov., respectively, are proposed. The type strains of B. synergistica and B. virosa are MT01T (=JCM 15148T =CCUG 56610T) and MT12T (=JCM 15149T=CCUG 56611T), respectively.
Brondz, I. & Olsen, I.(1991). Multivariate analyses of cellular fatty acids in Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Wolinella, and Campylobacter spp. J Clin Microbiol29, 183–189.
[Google Scholar]
Chen, S. & Dong, X.(2005).Proteiniphilum acetatigenes gen. nov., sp. nov., from a UASB reactor treating brewery wastewater. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol55, 2257–2261.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Collins, M. D. & Jones, D.(1981). Distribution of isoprenoid quinone structural type in bacteria and their taxonomic implications. Microbiol Rev45, 316–354.
[Google Scholar]
Collins, M. D., Love, D. N., Karjalainen, J., Kanervo, A., Forsblom, B., Willems, A., Stubbs, S., Sarkiala, E., Bailey, G. D. & other authors(1994). Phylogenetic analysis of members of the genus Porphyromonas and description of Porphyromonas cangingivalis sp. nov. and Porphyromonas cansulci sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol44, 674–679.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Felsenstein, J.(1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution39, 783–791.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Hardham, J. M., King, K. W., Dreier, K., Wong, J., Strietzel, C., Eversole, R. R., Sfintescu, C. & Evans, R. T.(2008). Transfer of Bacteroides splanchnicus to Odoribacter gen. nov. as Odoribacter splanchnicus comb. nov., and description of Odoribacter denticanis sp. nov., isolated from the crevicular spaces of canine periodontal disease patients. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol58, 103–109.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Hofstad, T., Olsen, I., Eribe, E. R., Falsen, E., Collins, M. D. & Lawson, P. A.(2000).Dysgonomonas gen. nov. to accommodate Dysgonomonas gadei sp. nov., an organism isolated from a human gall bladder, and Dysgonomonas capnocytophagoides (formerly CDC group DF-3). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol50, 2189–2195.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Holdeman, L. V., Cato, E. P. & Moore, W. E. C.(1977).Anaerobe Laboratory Manual, 4th edn. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Kimura, M.(1980). A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol16, 111–120.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Komagata, K. & Suzuki, K.(1987). Lipid and cell-wall analysis in bacterial systematics. Methods Microbiol19, 161–207.
[Google Scholar]
Kuykendall, L. D., Roy, M. A., O'Neill, J. J. & Devine, T. E.(1988). Fatty acids, antibiotic resistance, and deoxyribonucleic acid homology groups of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Int J Syst Bacteriol38, 358–361.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Larkin, M. A., Blackshields, G., Brown, N. P., Chenna, R., McGettigan, P. A., McWilliam, H., Valentin, F., Wallace, I. M., Wilm, A. & other authors(2007).clustalw and clustal_x version 2.0. Bioinformatics23, 2947–2948.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Lawson, P. A., Falsen, E., Inganäs, E., Weyant, R. S. & Collins, M. D.(2002).Dysgonomonas mossi sp. nov., from human sources. Syst Appl Microbiol25, 194–197.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Li, M., Wang, B., Zhang, M., Rantalainen, M., Wang, S., Zhou, H., Zhang, Y., Shen, J., Pang, X. & other authors(2008). Symbiotic gut microbes modulate human metabolic phenotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A105, 2117–2122.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Love, D. N., Bailey, G. D., Collings, S. & Briscoe, D. A.(1992). Description of Porphyromonas circumdentaria sp. nov. and reassignment of Bacteroides salivosus (Love, Johnson, Jones, and Calverley 1987) as Porphyromonas (Shah and Collins 1988) salivosa comb. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol42, 434–438.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Love, D. N., Karjalainen, J., Kanervo, A., Forsblom, B., Sarkiala, E., Bailey, G. D., Wigney, D. I. & Jousimies-Somer, H.(1994).Porphyromonas canoris sp. nov., an asaccharolytic, black-pigmented species from the gingival sulcus of dogs. Int J Syst Bacteriol44, 204–208.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Marmur, J.(1961). A procedure for the isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid from microorganisms. J Mol Biol3, 208–218.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Maruo, T., Sakamoto, M., Ito, C., Toda, T. & Benno, Y.(2008).Adlercreutzia equolifaciens gen. nov., sp. nov., an equol-producing bacterium isolated from human faeces, and emended description of the genus Eggerthella. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol58, 1221–1227.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Miller, L. T.(1982). Single derivatization method for routine analysis of bacterial whole-cell fatty acid methyl esters, including hydroxy acids. J Clin Microbiol16, 584–586.
[Google Scholar]
Miyagawa, E. & Suto, T.(1980). Cellular fatty acid composition in Bacteroides oralis and Bacteroides ruminicola. J Gen Appl Microbiol26, 331–343.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Saito, H. & Miura, K.(1963). Preparation of transforming deoxyribonucleic acid by phenol treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta72, 619–629.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Saitou, N. & Nei, M.(1987). The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol4, 406–425.
[Google Scholar]
Sakamoto, M. & Benno, Y.(2006). Reclassification of Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides goldsteinii and Bacteroides merdae as Parabacteroides distasonis gen. nov., comb. nov., Parabacteroides goldsteinii comb. nov. and Parabacteroides merdae comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol56, 1599–1605.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Sakamoto, M., Suzuki, M., Umeda, M., Ishikawa, I. & Benno, Y.(2002). Reclassification of Bacteroides forsythus (Tanner et al. 1986) as Tannerella forsythensis corrig., gen. nov., comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol52, 841–849.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Sakamoto, M., Huang, Y., Umeda, M., Ishikawa, I. & Benno, Y.(2005).Prevotella multiformis sp. nov., isolated from human subgingival plaque. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol55, 815–819.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Sakamoto, M., Lan, P. T. N. & Benno, Y.(2007).Barnesiella viscericola gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacterium in the family Porphyromonadaceae isolated from chicken caecum. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol57, 342–346.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Shah, H. N.(1992). The genus Bacteroides and related taxa. In The Prokaryotes, 2nd edn, pp. 3593–3607. Edited by A. Balows, H. G. Trüper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder & K. H. Schleifer. New York: Springer.
Shah, H. N. & Collins, M. D.(1983). Genus Bacteroides. A chemotaxonomical perspective. J Appl Bacteriol55, 403–416.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Summanen, P. H., Durmaz, B., Väisänen, M.-L., Liu, C., Molitoris, D., Eerola, E., Helander, I. M. & Finegold, S. M.(2005).Porphyromonas somerae sp. nov., a pathogen isolated from humans and distinct from Porphyromonas levii. J Clin Microbiol43, 4455–4459.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Takagaki, A., Arai, D., Ishikawa, S. & Nanjo, F.(2007). Metabolism of tea catechin by rat intestinal flora. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on O-CHA (Tea) Culture and Science, University of Shizuoka, Japan, 2–4 November 2007; HB-P-501.
Tamaoka, J. & Komagata, K.(1984). Determination of DNA base composition by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. FEMS Microbiol Lett25, 125–128.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Ueki, A., Akasaka, H., Suzuki, D. & Ueki, K.(2006).Paludibacter propionicigenes gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel strictly anaerobic, Gram-negative, propionate-producing bacterium isolated from plant residue in irrigated rice-field soil in Japan. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol56, 39–44.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Butyricimonas synergistica gen. nov., sp. nov. and Butyricimonas virosa sp. nov., butyric acid-producing bacteria in the family ‘Porphyromonadaceae’ isolated from rat faeces