A yellow-pigmented, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-degrading bacterium, strain IP26T, was isolated from an HCH dumpsite and subjected to a polyphasic analysis in order to determine its taxonomic position. Strain IP26T showed maximum 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Sphingobium francense Sp+T (98.5 %), Sphingobium japonicum UT26T (98.4 %) and Sphingobium indicum B90AT (98.2 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences also showed that strain IP26T formed a cluster with these three HCH-degrading strains. Chemotaxonomic data (major polyamine, spermidine; major quinone, ubiquinone with ten isoprene units; major polar lipids, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphotidylcholine; and presence of 2-hydroxy fatty acid) supported inclusion of strain IP26T in the genus Sphingobium. However, the results of DNA–DNA hybridization and morphological and biochemical tests clearly allowed phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of strain IP26T from recognized species of the genus Sphingobium. Strain IP26T thus represents a novel species of the genus Sphingobium for which the name Sphingobium chinhatense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IP26T (=MTCC8598T =CCM 7432T).
Arden-Jones, M. P., McCarthy, A. J. & Cross, T.(1979). Taxonomic and serological studies on Micropolyspora faeni and Micropolyspora strains from soil bearing the specific epithet rectivirgula. J Gen Microbiol115, 343–354.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Beiss, U.(1964). Zur papierchromatographischen Auftrennung von Pflanzenlipiden. J Chromatogr13, 104–110 (in German).[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Busse, H.-J. & Auling, G.(1988). Polyamine pattern as a chemotaxonomic marker within the Proteobacteria. Syst Appl Microbiol11, 1–8.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Busse, H.-J., Kämpfer, P. & Denner, E. B. M.(1999). Chemotaxonomic characterization of Sphingomonas. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol23, 242–251.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Collins, M. D. & Jones, D.(1980). Lipids in the classification and identification of coryneform bacteria containing peptidoglycan based on 2,4-diamino butyric acid (DAB). J Appl Bacteriol48, 459–470.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Collins, C. H., Lyne, P. M. & Grange, J. M.(1989).Microbiological Methods, 6th edn. London: Butterworth.
Consden, R. & Gordon, A. H.(1948). Effect of salt on partition chromatograms. Nature162, 180–181.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Dadhwal, M., Singh, A., Prakash, O., Gupta, S. K., Kumari, K., Sharma, P., Jit, S., Verma, M., Holliger, C. & Lal, R.(2009). Proposal of biostimulation for hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-decontamination and characterization of culturable bacterial community from high-dose point HCH-contaminated soils. J Appl Microbiol106, 381–392.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Dittmer, J. C. F. & Lester, R. L.(1964). A simple, specific spray for the detection of phospholipids on thin-layer chromatograms. J Lipid Res15, 126–127.
[Google Scholar]
Dogra, C., Raina, V., Pal, R., Suar, M., Lal, S., Gartemann, K. H., Holliger, C., van der Meer, J. R. & Lal, R.(2004). Organization of lin genes and IS6100 among different strains of hexachlorcyclohexane degrading Sphingomonas paucimobilis strains: evidence for horizontal transfer. J Bacteriol186, 2225–2235.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Felsenstein, J.(1981). Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: a maximum likelihood approach. J Mol Evol17, 368–376.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Felsenstein, J.(1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution39, 783–791.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Fitch, W. M.(1971). Toward defining the course of evolution: minimum change for a specific tree topology. Syst Zool20, 406–416.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Gordon, R. E., Barnett, D. A., Handerhan, J. E. & Pang, C. H.-N.(1974).Nocardia coeliaca, Nocardia autotrophica, and the nocardin strain. Int J Syst Bacteriol24, 54–63.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Gunstone, F. D. & Jacobsberg, F. R.(1972). Fatty acids, part 35: the preparation and properties of the complete series of methyl epoxyoctadecanoates. Chem Phys Lipids9, 26–64.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Gupta, S. K., Lal, D. & Lal, R.(2009).Novosphingobium panipatense sp. nov. and Novosphingobium mathurense sp. nov., from oil-contaminated soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol59, 156–161.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Jacin, H. & Mishkin, A. R.(1965). Separation of carbohydrates on borate-impregnated silica gel G plates. J Chromatogr18, 170–173.
[Google Scholar]
Jukes, T. H. & Cantor, C. R.(1969). Evolution of protein molecules. In Mammalian Protein Metabolism, vol. 3, pp. 21–132. Edited by H. N. Munro. New York: Academic Press.
Kumar, M., Verma, M. & Lal, R.(2008).Devosia chinhatensis sp. nov., isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) dump site in India. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol58, 861–865.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Kuykendall, L. D., Roy, M. A. O., Neill, J. J. & Devine, T. E.(1988). Fatty acids, antibiotic resistance and deoxyribonucleic acid homology groups of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Int J Syst Bacteriol38, 358–361.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Lal, R., Dogra, C., Malhotra, S., Sharma, P. & Pal, R.(2006). Diversity, distribution and divergence of lin genes in hexachlorocyclohexane-degrading sphingomonads. Trends Biotechnol24, 121–130.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
McCarthy, A. J. & Cross, T.(1984). A taxonomic study of Thermomonospora and other monosporic actinomycetes. J Gen Microbiol130, 5–25.
[Google Scholar]
Miller, L. T.(1982). Single derivatization method for routine analysis of bacterial whole-cell fatty acid methyl esters, including hydroxy acids. J Clin Microbiol16, 584–586.
[Google Scholar]
Pal, R., Bala, S., Dadhwal, M., Kumar, M., Dhingra, G., Prakash, O., Prabagaran, S. R., Shivaji, S., Cullum, J. & other authors(2005). Hexachlorocyclohexane-degrading bacterial strains Sphingomonas paucimobilis B90A, UT26 and Sp+, having similar lin genes, represent three distinct species, Sphingobium indicum sp. nov., Sphingobium japonicum sp. nov. and Sphingobium francense sp. nov., and reclassification of [Sphingomonas] chungbukensis as Sphingobium chungbukense comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol55, 1965–1972.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Prakash, O. & Lal, R.(2006). Description of Sphingobium fuliginis sp. nov., a phenanthrene-degrading bacterium from a fly ash dumping site, and reclassification of Sphingomonas cloacae as Sphingobium cloacae comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol56, 2147–2152.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Saitou, N. & Nei, M.(1987). The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol4, 406–425.
[Google Scholar]
Singh, A. & Lal, R.(2009). Sphingobium ummariense sp. nov., a hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-degrading bacterium, isolated from HCH-contaminated soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol59, 162–166.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Takeuchi, M., Hamana, K. & Hiraishi, A.(2001). Proposal of the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto and three new genera, Sphingobium, Novosphingobium and Sphingopyxis on the basis of phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic analyses. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol51, 1405–1417.
[Google Scholar]
Thompson, J. D., Gibson, T. J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F. & Higgins, D. G.(1997). The clustal_x windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res25, 4876–4882.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Tindall, B. J.(1990a). A comparative study of the lipid composition of Halobacterium saccharovorum from various sources. Syst Appl Microbiol13, 128–130.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Tindall, B. J.(1990b). Lipid composition of Halobacterium lacusprofundi. FEMS Microbiol Lett66, 199–202.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Wagner, H., Horhammer, L. & Wolff, P.(1961). Dünnschicht-chromatographie von Phosphatiden und Glykolipiden. Biochem Z334, 175–184 (in German).
[Google Scholar]
Wayne, L. G., Brenner, D. J., Colwell, R. R., Grimont, P. A. D., Kandler, O., Krichevsky, M. I., Moore, L. H., Moore, W. E. C., Murray, R. G. E. & other authors(1987). International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology. Report of the ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. Int J Syst Bacteriol37, 463–464.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]
Willett, K. L., Ulrich, E. M. & Hites, R. A.(1998). Differential toxicity and environmental fates of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. Environ Sci Technol32, 2197–2207.[CrossRef][Google Scholar]