RFLP analyses of 16S rDNA nested PCR products from 34 phytoplasma strains with 17 restriction enzymes delineated distinct pattern types. Based on similarity coefficients derived from RFLP analyses, the 34 representative phytoplasma strains were differentiated into 14 major groups (termed 16Sr groups) and 32 sub-groups. The similarity coefficients of RFLP patterns between distinct groups were 90% or below. By including additional groups and sub-groups from which RFLP analyses were not performed but for which 16S rDNA sequence data were available to predict restriction sites, a total of 14 groups and 41 sub-groups were proposed. By combined RFLP analyses of 16S rRNA and ribosomal protein gene sequences, thus far, a total of 46 subgroups have been recognized. The phytoplasma 16Sr groups were consistent with the phylogenetic groups (subclades) defined by phylogenetic analysis of near-full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences, indicating that the RFLP-based groups are phylogenetically valid. The approach using RFLP analyses of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA (and ribosomal protein gene sequences) provides a simple, reliable and rapid means for differentiation and classification of unknown phytoplasmas.
AhrensU.,
LorenzK. H.,
SeemüllerE.1993; Genetic diversity among mycoplasmalike organisms associated with stone fruit diseases. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 6:686–691
AhrensU.,
SeemüllerE.1992; Detection of DNA of plant pathogenic mycoplasmalike organisms by a poly-merase chain reaction that amplifies a sequence of the 16S rRNA gene. Phytopathology 82:828–832
AlmaA.,
DavisR. E.,
VibioM.,
DanielliA.,
BoscoD.,
ArzoneA.,
BertacciniA.1996; Element infection of grapevines in northern Italy by phytoplasmas including 16S rRNA RFLP sub-group 16SrI-B strains previously unreported in this host. Plant Dis 80:418–421
AmannR. I.,
LudwigW.,
SchleiferH.1995; Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiol Rev 59:143–169
Ash C.,
FarrawA. E.,
DorschM.,
StackebrandtE.,
CollinsM. D.1991; Comparative analysis of Bacillus anthracisBacillus cereus, and related species on the basis of reverse transcriptase sequencing of 16S rRNA. Int J Svst Bacteriol 41:343–346
BertacciniA.,
DavisR. E.,
LeeI.-M.,
ContiM.,
DallyE. L.,
DouglasS. M.1990; Detection of chrysanthemum yellows mycoplasmalike organism by dot hybridization and Southern blot analysis. Plant Dis 74:40–43
BertacciniA.,
VibioM.,
DavisR. E.,
LeeI.-M.1993; Molecular characterization of some mycoplasmalike organisms infecting plants in Italy. Petria G Patol Piante 3:9
BiancoP. A.,
DavisR. E.,
PrinceJ. P.,
LeeI.-M.,
GundersenD. E.,
FortusiniA.,
BelliG.1993; Double and single infections by aster yellows and elm yellows MLOs in grapevines with symptoms characteristic of flavescence doree. Riv Patol Veg SV 3:69–82
BoddinghausB.,
WoltersJ.,
HeikensW.,
BottgerE. C.1990; Phylogenetic analysis and identification of different serovars of Mycobacterium intracellulare at the molecular level. FEMS Microbiol Lett 70:197–204
ChenJ. C.,
ChangC. J.,
JarretR.,
GawelN.1992; Isolation and cloning of DNA fragments from mycoplasmalike organism associated with walnut witchesbroom disease. Phytopathology 82:306–309
ChenT.-A.,
LeiJ. D.,
LinC. P.1992; Detection and identification of plant and insect mollicutes. In The Myco-plasmas5393–424WhitcombR. F.,
TullyJ. G.
New York: Academic Press;
ChenK. H.,
CrediR. C.,
LoiN.,
MaixnerM.,
ChenT.-A.1994; Identification and grouping of mycoplasmalike organisms associated with grapevine yellows and clover phyllody diseases based on immunological and molecular analyses. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:1905–1913
ChiykowskiL. N.,
SinhaR. C.1989; Differentiation of MLO disease by means of symptomatology and vector transmission. Zentbl Bakteriol Hyg Suppl 20:280–287
ClarkM. F.,
MortonA., 8t BussS. L.1989; Preparation of MLO immunogens from plants and a comparison of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies made against primula yellows MLO-associated antigens. Ann Appl Biol 114:111–124
DaireX.,
ClairD.,
LarrueJ.11 other authors1993; Occurrence of diverse MLOs in tissues of grapevine affected by grapevine yellows in different countries. Vitis 32:247–248
DaviesD. L.,
BarbaraD. J.,
ClarkM. F.1995; The detection of MLOs associated with pear decline in pear trees and pear psyllids by polymerase chain rection. Act a Hortic 386:484–488
DaviesD. L., 8i ClarkM. F.1992; Production and characterization of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against peach yellow leafroll MLO-associated antigens. Acta Hortic 383:275–283
DavisM. J.,
TsaiJ. H.,
CoxR. L.,
McDanielL. L.,
HarrisonN. A.1988; Cloning of chromosomal and extra-chromosomal DNA of the mycoplasma-like organism that causes maize bushy stunt disease. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 1:295–302
DavisR. E.,
DallyE. L.,
BertacciniA.7 other authors1993; Restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses and dot hybridization distiguish mycoplasmalike organisms associated with flavescence dorée and southern European grapevine yellows disease in Italy. Phytopathology 83:772–776
DavisR. E.,
DallyE. L.,
GundersenD. E.,
LeeI.-M.,
HabiliN.1997; ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’, a new phytoplasma taxon associated with Australian grapevine yellows. Int J Syst Bacteriol 47:262–269
DavisR. E.,
LeeI.-M.1993; Cluster-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification of 16S rDNA sequences for detection and identification of mycoplasmalike organisms. Phytopathology 83:1008–1011
DavisR. E.,
LeeI.-M.,
DouglasS. M.,
DallyE. L.1990; Molecular cloning and detection of chromosomal and extrachromosomal DNA of the mycoplasmalike organism (MLO) associated with little leaf disease in periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus). Phytopathology 80:789–793
DavisR. E.,
PrinceJ. P.,
HammondR. W.,
DallyE. L.,
LeeI.-M.1992; Polymerase chain reaction detection of Italian periwinkle virescence mycoplasmalike organism (MLO) and investigation of genetic relatedness with other MLOs. Phytopathol Mediterr 31:5–12
DavisR. E.,
SinclairW. A.,
LeeI.-M.,
DallyE. L.1991; Cloned DNA probes specific for detection of a mycoplasmalike organism associated with ash yellows. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 5:163–169
DengS.,
HirukiC.1991; Genetic relatedness between two non-culturable mycoplasmalike organisms revealed by nucleic acid hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. Phytopathology 81:1475–1479
ErrampalliD.,
FletcherJ.,
ClaypoolP. L.1991; Incidence of yellows in carrot and lettuce, and characterization of mycoplasmalike organism isolates in Oklahoma. Plant Dis 75:579–584
FirraoG.1996; Molecular characterization of a phytoplasma causing phyllody in clover and other herbaceous hosts in northern Italy. Eur J Plant Pathol 102:817–822
FirraoG.,
GobbiE.,
LocciR.1993; Use of polymerase chain reaction to produce oligonucleotide probes for mycoplasmalike organisms. Phytopathology 83:602–607
FoxG. E.,
WisotzkeyJ. D.,
JurtshukP.1992; How close is close: 16S rRNA sequence identity may not be sufficient to guarantee species identity. Int J Syst Bacteriol 42:166–170
GibbK. S.,
PadovanA. C.,
MogenB. D.1995; Studies on sweet potato little-leaf phytoplasma detected in sweet potato and other plant species in northern Australia. Phytopathology 85:169–174
Giunchedi L.,
PolliniC. P.,
BissarliS.,
VicchiV.,
BabiniA. R.1994; PCR detection of MLOs in quick decline-affected pear trees in Italy. Ann Appl Biol 124:399–403
GoodwinP. H.,
XueB. G.,
KuskeC. R.,
SearsM. K.1994; Amplification of plasmid DNA to detect plant pathogenic mycoplasmalike organisms. Ann Appl Biol 124:27–36
GriffithsH. M.,
GundersenD. E.,
SinclairW. A.,
LeeI.-M.,
DavisR. E.1994; Mycoplasmalike organisms from milkweed, goldenrod, and spiraea represent two new 16S rRNA sub-groups and three new strain subclusters related to peach X-disease. Can J Plant Pathol 16:255–266
GriffithsH. M.,
SinclairW. A.,
DavisR. E.,
LeeI.-M.,
DallyE. L.,
GuoH.,
ChenT.-A.,
HibbenC. R.1994; Characterization of mycoplasmalike organisms from Fraxinus, Syringa, and associated plants from geographically diverse sites. Phytopathology 84:119–126
GundersenD. E.,
LeeI.-M.1996; Ultrasensitive detection of phytoplasmas by nested-PCR assays using two universal primer pairs. Phytopathol Mediterr 35:144–151
GundersenD. E.,
LeeI.-M.,
ChangC. J.,
DavisR. E.1994; RFLP analyses of ribosomal protein genes reveal strain diversity in MLO 16S rRNA groups I and III. Phytopathology 84:1128
GundersenD. E.,
LeeI.-M.,
RehnerS. A.,
DavisR. E.,
KingsburyD. T.1994; Phylogeny of mycoplasmalike organisms (phytoplasmas): a basis for their classification. J Bacteriol 176:5244–5254
GundersenD. E.,
LeeI.-M.,
SchaffD. A.,
HarrisonN. A.,
ChangC. J.,
DavisR. E.,
KingsburyD. T.1996; Genomic diversity and differentiation among phytoplasma strains in 16S rRNA group I (aster yellows and related phytoplasmas) and III (X-disease and related phytoplasmas). Int J Syst Bacteriol 46:64–75
HarrisonN. A.,
BourneC. M.,
CoxR. L.,
TsaiJ. H.,
RichardsonP. A.1992; DNA probes for detection of mycoplasmalike organisms associated with lethal yellowing disease of palms in Florida. Phytopathology 82:216–224
HarrisonN. A.,
RichardsonP. A.1994; Comparative investigation of MLOs associated with Caribbean and African coconut lethal decline diseases by DNA hybridization and PCR assays. Plant Dis 78:507–511
HarrisonN. A.,
RichardsonP. A.,
KramerJ. B.,
TsaiJ. H.1994; Detection of the mycoplasmalike organism associated with lethal yellowing disease of palms in Florida by polymerase chain reaction. Plant Pathol 43:998–1008
HarrisonN. A.,
TsaiJ. H.,
BourneC. M.,
RichardsonP. A.1991; Molecular cloning and detection of chromosomal and extrachromosomal DNA of mycoplasmalike organisms associated with witches’-broom disease of pigeon pea in Florida. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 4:300–307
HibbenC. R.,
SinclairW. A.,
DavisR. E.,
AlexanderJ. H.1991; Relatedness of mycoplasmalike organisms associated with ash yellows and lilac witches’-broom. Plant Dis 75:1227–1230
International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes1993; Minutes of the interim meetings, 1 and 2 August, 1992, Ames, Iowa. Int J Syst Bacteriol 43:394–397
JagoueixS.,
BovéJ. M.,
GamierM.1994; The phloem-limited bacterium of greening disease of citrus is a member of the a subdivision of the Proteobacteria
. Iynt J Syst Bacteriol 44:379–386
JarauschW.,
Saillard C.,
DosbaF.,
BoveJ. M.1994; Differentiation of mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) in European fruit trees by PCR using specific primers derived from the sequence of a chromosomal fragment of the apple proliferation MLO. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:2916–2923
JomantieneR.,
DavisR. E.,
MaasJ.,
DallyE. L.1998; Classification of new phytoplasmas associated with diseases of strawberry in Florida based on analysis of 16S rRNA and ribosomal protein gene operon sequences. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48:269–277
KeaneG.,
EdwardsA.,
ClarkM. F.1996; Differentiation of group 16SrI-B aster yellows phytoplasmas with monoclonal antibodies. In 1996 BCPC Symposium Proceedings No. 65: Diagnostics in Crop Production263–268
KirkpatrickB. C.,
SmartC. D.1995; Phytoplasmas. can phylogeny provide the means to understand pathogenicity?. In Advances in Botanical Research188–212AndrewsJ. H.,
TommerupI. C.
New York: Academic Press:
KirkpatrickB. C.,
SmartC. D.,
GardnerS. L.9 other authors1994; Phylogenetic relationships of plant pathogenic MLOs established by 16/23S rDNA spacer sequences. IOM Lett 3:228–229
KirkpatrickB. C.,
StengerD. C.,
MorrisT. J.,
PurcellA. H.1987; Cloning and detection of DNA from a nonculturable plant pathogenic mycoplasma-like organism. Science 238:197–200
KisonH.,
SchneiderB.,
SeemüllerE.1994; Restriction fragment length polymorphisms within the apple proliferation mycoplasmalike organism. J Phytopathol 141:395–401
KoH. C.,
LinC. P.1994; Development and application of cloned DNA probes for a mycoplasmalike organism associated with sweet potato witches’-broom. Phytopathology 84:468–473
KuskeC. R.,
KirkpatrickB. C.1992; Phylogenetic relationships between the western aster yellows mycoplasmalike organisms and other prokaryotes established by 16S rRNA gene sequence. Int J Syst Bacteriol 42:226–233
KuskeC. R.,
KirkpatrickB. C.,
DavisM. J.,
SeemüllerE.1991; DNA hybridization between western aster yellows mycoplasmalike organism plasmids and extrachromosomal DNA from other plant pathogenic mycoplasmalike organisms. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 4:75–80
LeeI.-M.,
BartoszykI. M.,
Gundersen-RindalD. E.,
DavisR. E.1997; Phylogeny and classification of bacteria in the genera Clavibacter and Rathayibacter on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:2631–2636
LeeI.-M.,
BertacciniA.,
VibioM.,
GundersenD. E.1995; Detection of multiple phytoplasmas in perennial fruit trees with decline symptoms in Italy. Phytopathology 85:728–735
LeeI.-M.,
BertacciniA.,
VibioM.,
GundersenD. E.,
DavisR. E.,
MittempergherL.,
ContiM.,
GennariF.1995; Detection and characterization of phytoplasmas associated with disease in Ulmus and Rubus in northern and central Italy. Phytopathol Mediterr 34:174–183
LeeI.-M.,
DavisR. E.1988; Detection and investigation of genetic relatedness among aster yellows and other mycoplasmalike organisms by using cloned DNA and RNA probes. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 1:303–310
LeeI.-M.,
DavisR. E.1992; Mycoplasmas which infect plants and insects. In Mycoplasmas: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis379–390ManiloffJ.,
McElhanseyR. N.,
FinchL. R.,
BasemanJ. B.
Washington: DC : American Society for Microbiology;
LeeI.-M.,
DavisR. E.,
ChenT.-A.,
ChiykowskiL. N.,
FletcherJ.,
HirukiC.,
SchaffD. A.1992; A genotype-based system for identification and classification of mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) in the aster yellows MLO strain cluster. Phytopathology 82:977–986
LeeI.-M.,
DavisR. E.,
HirukiC.1991; Genetic relatedness among clover proliferation mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) and other MLOs investigated by nucleic acid hybridization and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses. Appl Environ Microbiol 51:3565–3569
LeeI.-M.,
DavisR. E.,
SinclairW. A.,
DeWittN. D.,
ContiM.1993; Genetic relatedness of mycoplasmalike organisms detected in Ulmus spp. in USA and Italy by means of DNA probes and polymerase chain reactions. Phytopathology 83:829–833
LeeI.-M.,
GundersenD. E.,
DavisR. E.,
ChiykowskiL. N.1992; Identification and analysis of a genomic strain cluster of mycoplasmalike organisms associated with Canadian peach (eastern) X-disease, western X-disease, and clover yellow edge. J Bacteriol 174:6694–6698
LeeI.-M.,
GundersenD. E.,
HammondR. W.,
DavisR. E.1994; Use of mycoplasmalike organism (MLO) group-specific oligonucleotide primers for nested-PCR assays to detect element-MLO infections in a single host plant. Phytopathology 84:559–566
LeeI.-M.,
HammondR. W.,
DavisR. E.,
GundersenD. E.1993; Universal amplification and analysis of pathogen 16S rDNA for classification and identification of mycoplasmalike organisms. Phytopathology 83:834–842
LeeI.-M.,
PastoreM.,
VibioM.,
DanielliA.,
AttathomS.,
DavisR. E.,
BertacciniA.1997; Detection and characterization of phytoplasma associated with annual blue grass (Poa annua) white leaf in southern Italy. Eur J Plant Pathol 103:251–254
LeeI.-M.,
ZhuS.,
GundersenD. E.,
ZhangC.,
HadidiA.1995; Detection and identification of a new phytoplasma associated with cherry lethal yellows in China. Phytopathology 85:1179
LieftingL. W.,
AndersenM. T.,
BeeverR. E.,
GardnerR. C.,
FosterL. S.1996; Sequence heterogeneity in the two 16S rRNA genes of Phormium yellow leaf phytoplasma. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:3133–3139
LimP. O.,
SearsB. B.1991; DNA sequence of the ribosomal protein genes rpl2 and rps19 from a plant-pathogenic mycoplasmalike organism. FEMS Microbiol Lett 84:71–74
LimP. O.,
SearsB. B.1992; Evolutionary relationships of a plant-pathogenic mycoplasmalike organism and Achole-plasma laidlawii deduced from two ribosomal protein gene sequences. J Bacteriol 174:2606–2611
LoiN.,
Carraro L.,
MusettiR.,
PertotI.,
OsierR.1995; Dodder transmission of two different MLOs from plum trees affected by a ‘leptonecrosis’. Acta Hortic 386:465–470
LorenzK. H.,
SchneiderB.,
AhrensU.,
SeemüllerE.1995; Detection of the apple proliferation and pear decline phytoplasmas by PCR amplification of ribosomal and nonribosomal DNA. Phytopathology 85:771–776
MaixnerM.,
AhrensU.,
SeemüllerE.1994; Detection of mycoplasmalike organisms associated with a yellows disease grapevine in Germany. J Phytopathol 142:1–10
MaixnerM.,
AhrensU.,
SeemüllerE.1995; Detection of the German grapevine yellows (Vergibungskrankheit) MLO in grapevine, alternative hosts and a vector by a specific PCR procedure. Eur J Plant Pathol 101:241–250
Marcone C.,
RagozzinoA.,
SchneiderB.,
LauerU.,
SmartC. D.,
SeemüllerE.1996; Genetic characterization and classification of two phytoplasmas associated with spartium witches'-broom disease. Plant Dis 80:365–371
Marcone C.,
RagozzinoA.,
SeemüllerE.1996; Detection and differentiation of phytoplasmas of the elm yellows and apple proliferation groups in diseased shrubs, shade trees, and forest trees in Europe. IOM Lett 4:214
Marcone C.,
RagozzinoA.,
SeemüllerE.1996; Detection of an elm yellows-related phytoplasma in eucalyptus trees affected by little-leaf disease in Italy. Plant Dis 80:669–673
MäurerR.,
SeemüllerE.,
SinclairW. A.1993; Genetic relatedness of mycoplasmalike organisms affecting elm, alder, and ash in Europe and North America. Phytopathology 83:971–976
McCoyR. E.,
CaudwellA.,
ChangC. J.16 other authors1989; Plant diseases associated with mycoplasmalike organisms. In The Mycoplasmas5545–560WhitcombR. F.,
TullyJ. G.
New York: Academic Press;
MurrayR. G. E.,
SchleiferK. H.1994; Taxonomic notes : a proposal for recording the properties of putative taxa of prokaryotes. Int J Syst Bacteriol 44:174–176
NakashimaK.,
KatoS.,
IwanamiS.,
MurataN.1993; DNA probes reveal relatedness of rice yellow dwarf mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) and distinguish them from other MLOs. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:1206–1212
OkudaS.,
PrinceJ. P.,
DavisR. E.,
DallyE. L.,
LeeI.-M.,
MogenB.1997; Two groups of phytoplasmas from Japan distinguished on the basis of amplification and restriction analysis of 16S rDNA. Plant Dis 81:301–305
PadovanA. C.,
GibbK. S.,
BertacciniA.,
BonfiglioliR. E.,
MagnetP. A.,
SearsB. B.1995; Molecular detection of the Australian grapevine yellows phytoplasma and comparison with grapevine yellows phytoplasmas from Italy. Aust J Grape Wine Res 1:25–31
PrinceJ. P.,
DavisR. E.,
WolfT. K.,
LeeI.-M.,
MogenB. D.,
DallyE. L.,
BertacciniA.,
CrediR. C.,
BarbaM.1993; Molecular detection of diverse mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) associated with grapevine yellows and their classification with aster yellows, X-disease, and elm yellows MLOs. Phytopathology 83:1130–1137
RogaliT.,
WoltersJ.,
FlohrT.,
BöttgerE. C.1990; Towards a phylogeny and definition of species at the molecular level within the genus Mycobacterium
. Int J Syst Bacteriol 40:323–330
SchaffD. A.,
LeeI.-M.,
DavisR. E.1992; Sensitive detection and identification of mycoplasmalike organisms by polymerase chain reactions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 186:1503–1509
SchneiderB.,
CousinM. T.,
KlinkongS.,
SeemüllerE.1995; Taxonomic relatedness and phylogenetic positions of phytoplasmas associated with diseases of faba bean, sunhemp, sesame, soybean, and eggplant. Z Pflanzenkr Pflanzenschutz 102:225–232
SchneiderB.,
SeemüllerE.,
SmartC. D.,
KirkpatrickB. C.1995; Phylogenetic classification of plant pathogenic mycoplasmalike organisms or phytoplasmas. In Molecular and Diagnostic Procedures in MycoplasmologwI369–380RazinR.,
TullyJ. G.
San Diego: Academic Press;
SearsB. B.,
LimO.,
HollandN.,
KirkpatrickB. C.,
KlomparensK. L.1989; Isolation and characterization of DNA from a mycoplasma-like organism. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 2:175–180
SeemüllerE.,
SchneiderB.,
MaurerR.8 other authors1994; Phylogenetic classification of phytopathogenic mollicutes by sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA. Int J Syst Bacteriol 44:440–446
ShawM. E.,
KirkpatrickB. C.,
GolinoD. A.1991; Causal agent of tomato big bud disease in California is the beet leafhopper-transmitted virescence agent. Phytopathology 81:1210
ShiomiT., 8i SugiuraM.1984; Differences among Macrosteles orientalis-transmitted MLO, potato purple-top wilt in Japan, and aster yellows MLO from USA. Ann Phytopathol Soc Jpn 50:455–460
ShiomiT.,
SugiuraM.1984; Grouping of mycoplasmalike organisms transmitted by the leafhopper vector, Macrosteles orientalis Virvaste, based on host range. Ann Phytopathol Soc Jpn 50:149–157
SinclairW. A.,
luliR. J.,
DyerA. T.,
MarshallP. T.,
MatteoniJ. A.,
HibbenC. R.,
StanoszG. R.,
BurnsB. S.1990; Ash yellows: geographic range and association with decline of white ash. Plant Dis 74:604–607
SmartC. D.,
SchneiderB.,
BlomquistC. L.,
GuerraL. J.,
HarrisonN. A.,
AhrensU.,
LorenzK. H.,
SeemüllerE.,
KirkpatrickB. C.1996; Phytoplasma-specific PCR primers based on sequences of 16S-23S rRNA spacer region. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:2988–2993
StackebrandtE.,
GoebelB. M.1994; Taxonomic note: a place for DNA-DNA reassociation and 16S rRNA sequence analysis in the present species definition in bacteriology. Int J Syst Bacteriol 44:846–849
TothK. F.,
HarrisonN. A.,
SearsB. B.1994; Phylogenetic relationships among members of the class Mollicutes deduced from rps3 gene sequences. Int J Syst Bacteriol 44:119–124
VegaF. E.,
DavisR. E.,
BarbosaP.,
DallyE. L.,
PurcellA. H.,
LeeI.-M.1993; Detection of a plant pathogen in a nonvector insect species by the polymerase chain reaction. Phytopathology 83:621–624
VibioM.,
BertacciniA.,
LeeI.-M.,
DavisR. E.,
ClarkM. F.1994; Characterization of aster yellows and related European mycoplasmalike organisms maintained in periwinkle plants and shoot-tip culture. IOM Lett 3:297–298
VibioM.,
BertacciniA.,
LeeI.-M.,
DavisR. E.,
ClarkM. F.1996; Differentiation and classification of aster yellows and related European phytoplasmas. Phytopathol Medherr 35:33–42
WayneL. G.,
BrennerD. J.,
ColwellR. R.9 other authors1987; International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology . Report of the ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. Int J Svst Bacteriol 37:463–464
WeisburgW. G.,
TullyJ. G.,
RoseD. L.9 other authors1989; A phylogenetic analysis of the mycoplasmas: basis for their classification. J Bacteriol 171:6455–6467
WhitcombR. F.1994; Systematics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes: a search for synthesis. Klieneberger-Nobel award lecture, 10th. Congress of IOM, Bordeaux; France:
YoshikadaN.,
NakamuraH.,
SahashiN.,
KubonoT.,
KatsubeK.,
ShojiT.,
TakahashiT.1994; Amplification and nucleotide sequences of ribosomal protein and 16S rRNA genes of mycoplasma-like organism associated with paulownia witches’-broom. Ann Phytopathol Soc Jpn 60:569–575
ZhuS. F.,
LeeI.-M.,
GundersenD. E.,
ZhangC. L.,
HadidiA.1996; Phytoplasmas associated with cherry lethal yellows and jujube witches'-broom in China represent a new Candidatus subspecies level taxon. IOM Lett 4:218
Zreik L.,
CarleP.,
BovéJ. M.,
GamierM.1995; Characterization of the mycoplasmalike organism associated with witches’-broom disease of lime and proposition of a Candidatus taxon for the organism, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’. Int J Syst Bacteriol 45:449–453