1887

Abstract

Bacterial strains isolated from wide ranges of nematode hosts and geographic sources and strains isolated from human clinical specimens were used to assess the taxonomic structure of the genus . The following two methods were used: DNA relatedness and phenotypic characterization. Analysis of the DNA relatedness data revealed that all of the strains studied were congeneric and that the genus is, on the basis of DNA relatedness data, more homogeneous than the other genus of nematode-symbiotic bacteria, the genus . In contrast to previous reports, only two DNA relatedness groups were identified in the genus . These groups corresponded to the symbiotic strains and the clinical strains. There appeared to be some subgroups within the symbiotic strain group on the basis of the interactions of the strains with nematodes, which corresponded to some extent with the DNA relatedness data. However, there were significant ambiguities in the DNA relatedness data, and this group could not be subdivided on the basis of DNA relatedness data or phenotypic data. The distinct functional differences within and between the DNA relatedness groups of symbiotic strains indicated that there are biologically significant subgroups within the genus that cannot be defined at this time. Further investigation of the taxonomy of by using different approaches and a suitably wide range of strains is recommended. However, it is clear that the clinical strains form a recognizable subgroup within the genus even though no formal subtaxon can be defined at this time.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-46-4-1034
1996-10-01
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/ijsem/46/4/ijs-46-4-1034.html?itemId=/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-46-4-1034&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Abad P., Laumond C. Personal communication
  2. Akhurst R. J. 1980; Morphological and functional dimorphism in Xenorhabdus spp., bacteria symbiotically associated with the insect pathogenic nematodes Neoaplectana and Heterorhabditis. J. Gen. Microbiol 121:303–309
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Akhurst R. J. 1982; Antibiotic activity of Xenorhabdus spp., bacteria symbiotically associated with insect pathogenic nematodes of the families Heterorhabditidae and Steinemematidae. J. Gen. Microbiol 128:3061–3065
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Akhurst R. J. 1983; Taxonomic study of Xenorhabdus, a genus of bacteria symbiotically associated with insect-pathogenic nematodes. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol 33:38–45
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Akhurst R. J. 1987; Use of starch gel electrophoresis in the taxonomy of Heterorhabditis (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae). Nematologica 33:1–9
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Akhurst R. J., Bedding R. A., Bull R. M., Smith D. R. J. 1992; An epizootic of Heterorhabditis spp. (Heterorhabditidae: Nematoda) in sugar cane scarabeids (Coleóptera). Fundam. Appl. Nematol 15:71–73
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Akhurst R. J., Boemare N. E. 1986; A non-luminescent strain of Xenorhabdus luminescens (Enterobacteriaceae). J. Gen. Microbiol 132:1917–1922
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Akhurst R. J., Boemare N. E. 1988; A numerical taxonomic study of the genus Xenorhabdus (Enterobacteriaceae) and proposed elevation of the subspecies of X. nematophdus to species. J. Gen. Microbiol 134:751–761
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Akhurst R. J., Boemare N. E. 1990 Biology and taxonomy of Xenorhabdus. 75–90 Gaugler R. R., Kaya H. K.ed Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control CRC Press; Boca Raton, Fla:
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Arteaga E. M. Personal communication
  11. Arteaga-Hernandez E. M., Mracek Z. 1984; Heterorhabditis heliothidis, a parasite of insect pests in Cuba. Fol. Parasitol. (Prague) 31:11–17
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bedding R. A. 1981; Low cost in vitro mass production of Neoaplectana and Heterorhabditis species (Nematoda) for field control of insect pests. Nematologica 27:109–114
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Bleakley B., Nealson K. H. 1988; Characterization of primaty and secondary forms of Xenorhabdus luminescens strain Hm. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol 53:241–250
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Boemare N. E., Akhurst R. J. 1988; Biochemical and physiological characterization of colony form variants in Xenorhabdus spp. (Enterobacteriaceae). J. Gen. Microbiol 134:1835–1845
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Boemare N. E., Akhurst R. J., Mourant R. G. 1993; DNA relatedness between Xenorhabdus spp. (Enterobacteriaceae), symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes, and a proposal to transfer Xenorhabdus luminescens to a new genus, Photorhabdus gen. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol 43:249–255
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Bonifassi E., Mauleon H. Personal communication
  17. Deseo K. V. Personal communication
  18. Dix L, Burnell A. M., Griffin C. T., Joyce S. A., Nugent M. J., Downes M. J. 1992; The identification of biological species in the genus Heterorhabditis (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) by cross-breeding second generation amphimictic adults. Parasitology 1104:509–518
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Doucet M. Personal communication
  20. Ehlers R.-U. 1991; Interactions in the entomopathogenic nematode-bacteria complex SteinememalHeterorhabditis-Xenorhabdus. Int. Organ. Biol. Control/West. Paleartic Reg. Sect. Bull 14:36–44
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Farmer J. J., Jorgensen J. H., Grimont P. A., Akhurst R. J., Poinar G. O., Ageron E., Pierce G. V., Smith J. A., Carter G. P., Wilson K. L., Hickman-Brenner F. W. 1989; Xenorhabdus luminescens (DNA hybridization group 5) from human clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol 27:1594–1602
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Forst S., Nealson K. 1996; Molecular biology of the symbiotic-pathogenic bacteria Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. Microbiol. Rev 60:21–43
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Gerritsen L. J. M., de Raay G., Smits P. H. 1992; Characterization of form variants of Xenorhabdus luminescens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 58:1975–1979
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Gerritsen L. J. M., Smits P. H. 1993; Variation in pathogenicity of recombinations of Heterorhabditis and Xenorhabdus luminescens strains. Fundam. Appl. Nematol 16:367–373
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Grimont P. A., Steigerwalt A. G., Boemare N. E., Hickman-Brenner F. W., Deval C., Grimont F., Brenner D. 1984; Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness and phenotypic study of the genus Xenorhabdus. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol 34:378–388
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Han R., Wouts W. M., Li L. 1990; Development of Heterorhabditis spp. strains as characteristics of possible Xenorhabdus luminescens subspecies. Rev. Nematol 13:411–415
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Hurlbert R. E., Xu J., Small C. L. 1989; Colonial and cellular polymorphism in Xenorhabdus luminescens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 55:1136–1143
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Joyce S. A., Burnell A. M., Powers T. O. 1994; Characterization of Heterorhabditis isolates by PCR amplification of segments of mtDNA and rRNA genes. J. Nematol 26:260–270
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Khan A., Brooks W. M. 1977; A chromogenic bioluminescent bacterium associated with the entomophilic nematode Chromonema heliothidis. J. Invertebr. Pathol 29:253–261
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Maniatis T., Fritsch E. F., Sambrook J. 1982 Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y:
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Poinar G. O. 1990 Biology and taxonomy of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. 23–61 Gaugler R. R., Kaya H. K.ed Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control CRC Press; Boca Raton, Fla:
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Poinar G. O. 1993; Origins and phylogenetic relationships of the entomophilic nematodes, Heterorhabditis and Steinemema. Fundam. Appl. Nematol 16:333–338
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Poinar G. O., Georgis R. 1990; Characterization and field application of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora strain HP88 (Heterorhabditidae: Rhabditida). Rev. Nematol 13:387–393
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Poinar G. O., Jackson T., Klein M. 1987; Heterorhabditis megidis sp. n. (Heterorhabditidae: Rhabditida), parasitic in the Japanese beetle, Popillia japónica (Scarabaeidae: Coleóptera), in Ohio. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash 54:53–59
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Poinar G. O., Thomas G. M., Hess R. 1977; Characteristics of the specific bacterium associated with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Heterorhabditidae: Rhabditida). Nematologica 23:97–102
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Pütz J., Meinert F., Wyss U., Ehlers R.-U., Stackebrandt E. 1990; Development and application of oligonucleotide probes for molecular identification of Xenorhabdus species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 56:181–186
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Rainey F. A., Ehlers R.-U., Stackebrandt E. 1995; Inability of the polyphasic approach to systematics to determine the relatedness of the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol 45:379–381
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Smigielski A. J., Akhurst R. J., Boemare N. E. 1994; Phase variation in Xenorhabdus nematophilus and Photorhabdus luminescens: differences in respiratory activity and membrane energization. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 60:120–125
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Smits P. H., Ehlers R.-U. 1991; Identification of Heterorhabditis spp. by morphometric characters and RFLP and of their symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus spp. by species specific DNA probes. Int. Organ. Biol. Control/West. Paleartic Reg. Sect. Bull 14:195–201
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Sneath P. H. A., Sokal R. R. 1973 Numerical taxonomy W. H. Freeman; San Francisco:
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Thomas G. M., Poinar G. O. 1979; Xenorhabdus gen. nov., a genus of entomopathogenic bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol 29:352–360
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Westermann P. Personal communication
  43. Wouts W. M. 1979; The biology and life cycle of a New Zealand population of H. heliothidis (Heterorhabditidae). Nematologica 25:191–202
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-46-4-1034
Loading
/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-46-4-1034
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error