Chromobacterium, Eikenelia, Kingella, Neisseria, Simonsiella, and Vitreoscilla Species Comprise a Major Branch of the Beta Group Proteobacteria by 16S Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Sequence Comparison: Transfer of Eikenella and Simonsiella to the Family Neisseriaceae (emend.)
The 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequences of the type strain and three other strains of Eikenella corrodens, the type strains of Alcaligenes faecalis, Alcaligenes xylosoxydans subsp. denitrificans, Chromobacterium fluviatile, Chromobacterium violaceum, Kingella denitrificans, Kingella kingae, and Pseudomonas cepacia, and a strain of Vitreoscilla stercoraria were determined by direct sequencing of bacterial ribosomal ribonucleic acid by a modified Sanger method. These sequences were compared with previously published sequences of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Pseudomonas testosteroni and unpublished sequences of Nitrosolobus sp., Nitrosomonas europaea, Rhodocyclus gelatinosus, Rhodocyclus purpura, Simonsiella muelleri, and Spirillum volutans. All of the bacteria sequenced in this study were members of the beta group of the class Proteobacteria, formerly called “purple bacteria and their relatives.” A phylogenetic tree was constructed based upon the sequence homologies. One of the findings of this study is that Eikenella corrodens is related, as indicated by percentage of sequence homology, to the following organisms: Kingella denitrificans (97.7%), Simonsiella muelleri (95.7%), Kingella kingae (96.2%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (95.1%), Vitreoscilla stercoraria (94.4%), Chromobacterium violaceum (91.7%), and Chromobacterium fluviatile (89.8%). These bacteria constitute a newly recognized branch of the beta group Proteobacteria. The remaining species, including Pseudomonas cepacia, Alcaligenes faecalis, and Alcaligenes xylosoxydans subsp. denitrificans, are members of the major cluster of the beta group Proteobacteria. On the basis of our data we propose that the genera Eikenella and Simonsiella be placed in the family Neisseriaceae.
Published Online:
Copyright 1989, International Association of Microbiological Societies
BadgerS. J.,
TannerA. C. R.1981; Serological studies of Bacteroides gracilis, Campylobacter concisus, Wolinella recta, and Eikenella corrodens, all from humans with periodontal disease. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 31:446–451
BrosiusJ.,
PalmerM. L.,
KennedyP. J.,
NollerH. F.1978; Complete nucleotide sequence of a 16S ribosomal RNA gene from Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 75:4801–4805
BurgerA. J.,
MessineoF. C.,
SchulmanP.,
GellerD.1984; Mycotic aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva due to Eikenella corrodens bacterial endocarditis. Cardiology 71:220–228
CarbonP.,
EbelJ. P.,
EhresmannC.1981; The sequence of the ribosomal 16S RNA from Proteus vulgaris. Sequence comparison with E. coli 16S RNA and its use in secondary structure model building. Nucleic Acids Res. 9:2325–2333
ChanalC.,
TigetF.,
ChapuisP.,
CampagneD.,
JanM.,
SirotJ.1987; Spondylitis and osteomyelitis caused by Kingella kingae in children. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:2407–2409
ClaessonB.,
FalsenE.,
KjellmanB.1985; Kingella kingae infections: a review and a presentation of data from 10 Swedish cases. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 17:233–243
De LeyJ.1978 Modern methods in bacterial taxonomy: evaluation, application, prospects. 347–357Proceeding of the 4th International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria1Gilbert-Clarey, Tours, France
De LeyJ.,
SegersP.,
GillisM.1978; Intra- and intergeneric similarities of Chromobacterium and Janthinobacterium ribosomal ribonucleic acid cistrons. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28:154–168
De LeyJ.,
SegersP.,
KerstersK.,
MannheimW.,
LievensA.1986; Intra- and intergeneric similarities of the Bordetella ribosomal ribonucleic acid cistrons: proposal for a new family, Alcaligenaceae. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 36:405–414
De VosP.,
De LeyJ.1983; Intra- and intergeneric similarities of Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas ribosomal ribonucleic acid cistrons. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 33:487–509
De VosP.,
GoorM.,
GillisM.,
De LeyJ.1985; Ribosomal ribonucleic acid cistron similarities of phytopathogenic Pseudomonas species. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 35:169–184
De VosP.,
KerstersK.,
FalsenE.,
PotB.,
GillisM.,
SegersP.,
De LeyJ.1985; Comamonas Davis and Park 1962 gen. nov., nom. rev. emend., and Comamonas terrigena Hugh 1962 sp. nov., nom. rev. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 35:443–453
DzinkJ. L.,
TannerA. C. R.,
HaffajeeA. D.,
SocranskyS. S.1985; Gram negative species associated with active destructive periodontal lesions. J. Clin. Periodontol. 12:648–659
GeorgiouC. D.,
WebsterD. A.1987; Purification and partial characterization of the membrane-bound cytochrome 0(561,564) from Vitreoscilla. Biochemistry 26:6521–6526
JacksonF. L.,
GoodmanY. E.1972; Transfer of the facultatively anaerobic organism Bacteroides corrodens Eiken to a new genus, Eikenella. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 22:73–77
JacksonF. L.,
GoodmanY.1984; Genus Eikenella Jackson and Goodman 1972, 74AL
. 591–597KriegN. R.,
HoltJ. G.Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology1 The Williams & Wilkins Co.; Baltimore:
KaufmanS. C.,
CerasoD.,
SchugurenskyA.1986; First case report from Argentina of fatal septicemia caused by Chromobacterium violaceum. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23:956–958
KerstersK.,
De LeyJ.1984; Genus Alcaligenes Castellani and Chalmers 1919, 936AL
. 361–373KriegN. R.,
HoltJ. G.Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology1 The Williams & Wilkins Co.; Baltimore:
KiredjianM.,
HolmesB.,
KerstersK.,
GuilvoutI.,
De LeyJ.1986; Alcaligenes piechaudii, a new species from human clinical specimens and the environment. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 36:282–287
KnappJ. S.,
JohnsonS. R.,
ZenilmanJ. M.,
RobertsM. C.,
MorseS. A.1988; High-level tetracycline resistance resulting from TetM in strains of Neisseria spp., Kingella denitrificans, and Eikenella corrodens. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 32:765–767
KonugresG. S.,
LindaL.,
GoldsteinE. J.,
WallaceS. L.1987; Eikenella corrodens as a cause of osteomyelitis in the feet of diabetic patients. J. Bone J. Surg. Am. Vol. 69:940–941
KuhnD. A.1981; The genera Simonsiella and Alysiella. 390–399StarrM. P.,
StolpH.,
TriiperH. G.,
BalowsA.,
SchlegelH. G.The prokaryotes1 Springer-Verlag; New York:
KuhnD. A.,
GregoryD. A.,
BuchananG. E.Jr.,
NybyM. D.,
DalyK. R.1978; Isolation, characterization, and numerical taxonomy of Simonsiella strains from the oral cavities of cats, dogs, sheep, and humans. Arch. Microbiol. 118:235–241
LarkinJ. M.1989; Genus I. Simonsiella Schmid in Simons, 1922, 504AL
. 2107–2110StaleyJ. T.Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology3 The Williams & Wilkins Co.; Baltimore:
MaidenM. F. J.,
JonesJ. G.1984; A new filamentous, gliding bacterium, Filibacter limicola gen. nov., sp. nov., from lake sediment. J. Gen. Microbiol. 130:2943–2959
MartensB.,
SpieglH.,
StackebrandtE.1987; Sequence of a 16S ribosomal RNA gene of Ruminobacter amylophilus: the relation between homology values and similarity coefficients. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 9:224–230
MorrisonA. J.Jr.,
BoyceK.IV1986; Peritonitis caused by Alcaligenes denitrificans subsp. xylosoxydans: case report and review of the literature. J. Clin. Microbiol. 24:879–881
PaceB.,
MatthewsE. A.,
JohnsonK. D.,
CantorC. R.,
PaceN. R.1982; Conserved 5S rRNA complement to tRNA is not required for protein synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:36–40
RaymondJ.,
BergeretM.,
BargyF.,
MissenardG.1986; Isolation of two strains of Kingella kingae associated with septic arthritis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 24:1100–1101
ReichenbachH.,
LudwigW.,
StackebrandtE.1986; Lack of relationship between gliding cyanobacteria and filamentous gliding heterotrophic eubacteria: comparison of 16S rRNA catalogues of Spirulina, Saprospira, Vitreoscilla, Leucothrix, and Herpetosiphon. Arch. Microbiol. 145:391–395
RobertsM. C.,
KnappJ. S.1988; Host range of the conjugative 25.2-megadalton tetracycline resistance plasmid from Neisseria gonorrhoeae and related species. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 32:488–491
RossauR.,
KerstersK.,
FalstenE.,
JantzenE.,
SegersP.,
UnionA.,
NehlsL.,
De LeyJ.1987; Oligella, a new genus including Oligella urethralis comb. nov. (formerly Moraxella urethralis) and Oligella ureolytica sp. nov. (formerly CDC group IVe): relationship to Taylorella equigenitalis and related taxa. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37:198–210
RossauR.,
Van LandschootA.,
MannheimW.,
De LeyJ.1986; Inter- and intrageneric similarities of ribosomal ribonucleic cistrons of the Neisseriaceae. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 36:323–332
RotgerR.,
Garcia-ValdesE.,
TralleroE. P.1986; Characterization of a beta-lactamase-specifying plasmid isolated from Eikenella corrodens and its relationship to a commensal Neisseria plasmid. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 30:508–509
RugerH.-J.,
TanT. L.1983; Separation of Alcaligenes denitrificans sp. nov., nom. rev. from Alcaligenes faecalis on the basis of DNA base composition, DNA homology, and nitrate reduction. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 33:85–89
SneathP. H. A.1984; Genus Chromobacterium Bergonzini 1881, 153AL
. 580–582KriegN. R.,
HoltJ. G.Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology1 The Williams & Wilkins Co.; Baltimore:
SnellJ. J. S.1984; Genus IV. Kingella Henriken and Bøvre 1976, 449AL
. 307–309KriegN. R.,
HoltJ. G.Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology1 The Williams & Wilkins Co.; Baltimore:
StackebrandtE.,
MurrayR. G. E.,
TrüperH. G.1988; Proteobacteria classis nov., a name for the phylogenetic taxon that includes the “purple bacteria and their relatives.” Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38:321–325
StahlD. A.,
LaneD. J.,
OlsenG. J.,
HellerD. J.,
SchmidtT. M.,
PaceN. R.1987; Phylogenetic analysis of certain sulfide-oxidizing and related morphologically conspicuous bacteria by 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequences. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37:116–122
StrohlW. R.1989; Genus V. Vitreoscilla Pringsheim 1949, 70AL
. 2124–2128StaleyJ. T.Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology3 The Williams & Wilkins Co.; Baltimore:
StrohlW. R.,
SchmidtT. M.,
LawryN. H.,
MezzinoM. J.,
LarkinJ. M.1986; Characterization of Vitreoscilla beggiatoides and Vitreoscilla filiformis sp. nov., nom. ref., and comparison with Vitreoscilla stercoraria and Beggiatoa alba. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 36:302–313
TablanO. C.,
MarioneW. J.,
DoershukC. F.,
SternR. C.,
ThomassenM. J.,
KlingerJ. D.,
WhiteJ. W.,
CarsonL. A.,
JarvisW. R.1987; Colonization of the respiratory tract with Pseudomonas cepacia in cystic fibrosis. Risk factors and outcomes. Chest 91:527–532
TannerA. C. R.1986; Characterization of Wolinella spp., Campylobacter concisus, Bacteroides gracilis, and Eikenella corrodens by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 24:562–565
TannerA. C. R.,
DzinkJ. L.,
EbersoleJ. L.,
SocranskyS. S.1987; Wolinella recta, Campylobacter concisus, Bacteroides gracilis, and Eikenella corrodens from periodontal lesions. J. Periodontal Res. 22:327–330
TønjumT.,
HagenN.,
BøvreK.1985; Identification of Eikenella corrodens and Cardiobacterium hominis by genetic transformation. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. Sect. B 93:389–394
TveterasK.,
KristensenS.,
BachV.,
RavloO.1987; Eikenella corrodens: a recently recognized pathogen in head and neck infections. J. Laryngol. Otol. 101:592–594
VedrosN. A.1984; Genus I. Neisseria Trevisan 1885, 105AL
. 290–296KriegN. R.,
HoltJ. G.Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology1 The Williams & Wilkins Co.; Baltimore:
WoeseC. R.,
WeisburgW. G.,
PasterB. J.,
HahnC. M.,
TannerR. S.,
KriegN. R.,
KoopsH.-P.,
HarmsH.,
StackebrandtE.1984; The phylogeny of purple bacteria: the beta subdivision. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 5:327–336
Chromobacterium, Eikenelia, Kingella, Neisseria, Simonsiella, and Vitreoscilla Species Comprise a Major Branch of the Beta Group Proteobacteria by 16S Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Sequence Comparison: Transfer of Eikenella and Simonsiella to the Family Neisseriaceae (emend.)