The phylogenetic relationships of all species in the genus Campylobacter, Wolinella succinogenes, and other gram-negative bacteria were determined by comparison of partial 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequences. The results of this study indicate that species now recognized in the genus Campylobacter make up three separate ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequence homology groups. Homology group I contains the following true Campylobacter species: Campylobacter fetus (type species), Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter laridis, Campylobacter hyointestinalis, Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter mucosalis, Campylobacter sputorum, and “Campylobacter upsaliensis” (CNW strains). “Campylobacter cinaedi,” “Campylobacter fennelliae,” Campylobacter pylori, and W. succinogenes constitute homology group II. Homology group III contains Campylobacter cryaerophila and Campylobacter nitrofigilis. We consider the three homology groups to represent separate genera. However, at present, easily determinable phenotypic characteristics needed to clearly differentiate them are not apparent. The three homology groups are only distantly related to representatives of the alpha, beta, and gamma branches of the purple bacteria, indicating that these bacteria do not belong to any previously defined branch of this phylum.
BellandR. J., TrustT. J.1982; Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness between the thermophilic members of the genus Campylobacter. J. Gen. Microbiol. 128:2515–2522
BenjaminJ., LeaperS., OwenR. J., SkirrowM. B.1983; Description of Campylobacter laridis, a new species comprising the nalidixic acid-resistant thermophilic Campylobacter (NARTC) group. Curr. Microbiol. 8:231–238
FennellC. L., RompaloA. M., TottenP. A., BruchK. L., FloresB. M., StammW. E.1987; Isolation of “Campylobacter hyointestinalis” from a human. J. Clin. Microbiol. 24:146148
FennellC. L., TottenP. A., QuinnT. C., PattonD. L., HolmesK. K., StammW. E.1984; Characterization of Campylobacteriike organisms isolated from homosexual men. J. Infect. Dis. 149:58–66
GebhartC. J., EdmondsP., WardG. E., KurtzH. J., BrennerD. J.1985; “Campylobacter hyointestinalis” sp. nov.: a new species of Campylobacter found in the intestines of pigs and other animals. J. Clin. Microbiol. 21:715–720
HarveyS. M., GreenwoodJ. R.1983; Relationships among catalase-positive Campylobacters determined by deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 33:275–284
HébertG. A., HollisD. G., WeaverR. E., LambertM. A., BlaserM. J., MossC. W.1982; 30 years of Campylobacters: biochemical characteristics and a biotyping proposal for Campylobacter jejuni. J. Clin. Microbiol. 15:1065–1073
HébertG. A., HollisD. G., WeaverR. E., SteigerwaltA. G., McKinneyR. M., BrennerD. J.1983; Serogroups of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter fetus defined by direct immunofluorescence. J. Clin. Microbiol. 17:529–538
JacobsN. J., WolinM. J.1963; Electron-transport system of Vibrio succinogenes. I. Enzymes and cytochromes of the electron-transport system. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 69:18–28
JacobsN. J., WolinM. J.1963; Electron-transport system of Vibrio succinogenes. II. Inhibition of electron transport by 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 69:29–39
JohnsonJ. L.1981 Genetic characterization. 450–472GerhardtP., MurrayR. G. E., CostilowR. N., NesterE. W., WoodW. A., KriegN. R., PhillipsG. B.edManual of methods for general bacteriology American Society for Microbiology; Washington, L.C:
LambertM. A., PattonC. M., BarrettT. J., MossC. W.1987; Differentiation of Campylobacter and Campylobacter-Y\ke organisms by cellular fatty acid composition. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:706–713
LauP. P., DeBrunner-VossbrinckB., DunnB., MiottoK., MacDonellM. T., RollinsD. M., PillidgeC. J., HespellR. B., ColwellR. R., SoginM. L., FoxG. E.1987; Phylogenetic diversity and position of the genus Campylobacter. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 9:231–238
LeaperS., OwenR. J.1982; Differentiation between Campylobacter jejuni and allied thermophilic Campylobacters by hybridization of deoxyribonucleic acids. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 15:203–208
MarshallB. J., RoyceH., AnnearD. I., GoodwinC. S., PearmanJ. W., WarrenJ. R., ArmstrongJ. A.1984; Original isolation of Campylobacter pyloridis from human gastric mucosa. Microbios Lett. 25:83–88
McCarrollR., OlsenG. J., StahlY. D., WoeseC. R., SoginM. L.1983; Nucleotide sequence of the Dictyostelium discoideum small-subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid inferred from the gene sequence: evolutionary implications. Biochemistry 22:5858–5868
McClungC. R., PatriquinD. G., DavisR. E.1983; Campylobacter nitrofigilis sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium associated with roots of Spartina alterniflora Loisel. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 33:605–612
NeillS. D., CampbellJ. N., O’BrienJ. J., WeathercupS. T. C., EllisW. A.1985; Taxonomic position of Campylobacter cryaerophila sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 35:342–356
NgV. L., HadleyW. K., FennellC. L., FloresB. M., StammW. E.1987; Successive bacteremias with “Campylobacter cinaedi” and “Campylobacter fennelliae” in a bisexual male. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:2008–2009
OwenR. J., LeaperS.1981; Base composition, size and nucleotide sequence similarities of genome deoxyribonucleic acids from species of the genus Campylobacter. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 12:395–400
RohlfF. J., KishpaughJ., KirkD.1979 A numerical taxonomy system of multivariate statistical programs. State University of New York at Stonybrook; Stonybrook:
RomaniukP. J., ZoltowskaB., TrustT. J., LaneD. J., OlsenG. J., PaceN. R., StahlD. A.1987; Campylobacter pylori, the spiral bacterium associated with human gastritis, is not a true Campylobacter sp. J. Bacteriol. 169:2137–2141
RoopR. M.II, SmibertR. M., JohnsonJ. L., KriegN. R.1984; Differential characteristics of the catalase-positive Campylobacters correlated with DNA homology groups. Can. J. Microbiol. 30:938–951
RoopR. M.II, SmibertR. M., JohnsonJ. L., KriegN. R.1985; DNA homology studies of the catalase-negative Campylobacters and “Campylobacter fecaiis,” an emended description of Campylobacter sputorum, and proposal of the neotype strain of Campylobacter sputorum. Can. J. Microbiol. 31:823–831
SmibertR. M.1984 Genus Campylobacter Sebald and Véron 1963, 907. 111–118KriegN. R., HoltJ. G.edBergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology1 The Williams & Wilkins Co.; Baltimore.:
TannerA. C. R., BadgerS., LaiC. H., ListgartenM. A., ViscontiR. A., SocranskyS. S.1981; Wolinella gen. nov., Wolinella succinogenes (Vibrio succinogenes Wolin et al.) comb, nov., and description ofBacteroides gracilis sp. nov., Wolinella recta sp. nov., Campylobacter concisas sp. nov., and Eikenella corrodens from humans with periodontal disease. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 31:432–445
TannerA. C. R., ListgartenM. A., EbersoleJ. L.1984; Wolinella curva sp. nov.: “Vibrio succinogenes” of human origin. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 34:275–282
TannerA. C. R., SocranskyS. S.1984 Genus Wolinella. 646–650KriegN. R., HoltJ. G.edBergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology1 The Williams & Wilkins Co.; Baltimore.:
TottenP. A., FennellC. L., TenoverF. C., WezenbergJ. M., PerineP. L., StammW. E., HolmesK. K.1985; Campylobacter cinaedi (sp. nov.) and Campylobacter fennelliae (sp. nov.): two new Campylobacter species associated with enteric disease in homosexual men. J. Infect. Dis. 151:131–139
UrsingJ., WalderM., SandstedtK.1983; Base composition and sequence homology of deoxyribonucleic acid of thermotolerant Campylobacter from human and animal sources. Curr. Microbiol. 8:307–310