Red-Pigmented Micrococci: A Basis for Taxonomy Free

Abstract

Fifty strains of red-pigmented, gram-positive, nonfermentative micrococci were studied, including organisms from diverse collections identified as and “” and miscellaneous unidentified strains usually labelled (names in quotation marks are not on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. :225-420, 1980). Although similar in physiological attributes (negative characters predominated), the cell wall structural profiles separated and (simple homogeneous profile) from “” and the radiation-resistant group (complex, multilayered profile). Simple reactions (growth in 5% NaCl broth, growth at 37°C, and nitrate reduction) distinguished from , and acid production from glucose and other sugars distinguished “” from the rest. The members of the “” group could be typified by physiological reactions but not with great reliability. Gas-liquid chromatography of extracted lipids showed that veritable and strains had at least 50% of fatty acids in the form of 15:0 branched chains. “” and the rest had straight chains with a 16:1 component which formed at least 25% of total fatty acids and which was not possessed by or . Further studies were based on representative strains of clusters derived from the above-mentioned tests. Zymograms for nonspecific esterases and chromatograms of extracted pigments showed no identical patterns for any 2 of 10 strains. Absorption spectra for pigments had maxima at 450 to 510 nm. The guanine plus cytosine contents of the deoxyribonucleic acids ranged from 62 to 74 mol%: The cluster was <69 mol%, and the radiation-resistant cluster was < 71 mol%. There was little deoxyribonucleic acid homology between and (8%) or among any of the rest (< 21%). The named radiation-resistant species showed <18% homology to each other, but alignments were detected in the miscellaneous group. Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S) cataloguing showed that “,” “,” and one of the miscellaneous radiation-resistant strains were related ( = 0.51 to 0.63) but that they had as little oligonucleotide similarity to and ( = 0.23) as they all did to . It is concluded that “” and its relatives are not species of and that they represent clones that separated from the main stem early in procaryotic evolution. There are at least five such species: , and one other unnamed.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-30-4-627
1980-10-01
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/ijsem/30/4/ijs-30-4-627.html?itemId=/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-30-4-627&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Anderson A. W., Nordan H. C., Cain R. F., Parrish G., Duggan D. 1956; Studies on a radio-resist-ant micrococcus. I. The isolation, morphology, cultural characteristics and resistance to gamma radiation. Food Technol 10:575–577
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Baird-Parker A. C. 1965; The classification of staphy lococci and micrococci from world-wide sources. J. Gen. Microbiol. 38:363–387
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Baird-Parker A. C. 1974; Part 14, Gram-positive cocci, Family I Micrococcaceae. p 478–489 In Buchanan R. E., Gibbons N. E. (ed.) Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology, 8th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co.; Baltimore:
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bligh E. G., Dyer W. J. 1959; A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol 37:911–917
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Boling M. E., Setlow J. K. 1966; The resistance of Micrococcus radiodurans to ultraviolet radiation. III. A repair mechanism. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 123:26–33
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Carroll K. K. 1961; Quantitative estimation of peak areas in gas-liquid chromatography. Nature (London) 191:377–378
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Chelm B. K., Hallick R. B. 1976; Changes in the expression of chloroplast genome of Euglena gracilis during chloroplast development. Biochemistry 15:543–549
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Crosa J. H., Brenner D. J., Falkow S. 1973; Use of a single-strand specific nuclease for analysis of bacterial and plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid homo-and heteroduplexes. J. Bacteriol. 115:904–911
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Davies B. H. 1976; Analysis of carotenoid pigments. p 489–532 In Goodwin T. W. (ed.) Chemistry and biochemistry of plant pigments Academic Press, Inc.; New York:
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Davis N. S., Silverman >G. J., Masurovsky E. B. 1963; Radiation resistant, pigmented coccus isolated from haddock tissue. J. Bacteriol. 86:294–298
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Dimmick R. L., Akers A. B. 1969; An introduction to experimental aerobiology. Wiley-Interscience; New York:
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Feltham R. K. A. 1979; A taxonomic study of the Micro coccaceae.. J. Appl. Bacteriol 47:243–254
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Fox G. E., Pechman K. R., Woese C. R. 1977; Comparative cataloging of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid: molecular approach to procaryotic systematics. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 27:44–57
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Girard A. E. 1971; A comparative study of the fatty acids of some micrococci. Can. J. Microbiol 17:1503–1508
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Hill L. R. 1959; The Adansonian classification of the staphylococci. J. Gen. Microbiol. 20:277–283
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Ito H. 1977; Isolation of Micrococcus radiodurans occur ring in radurized sawdust culture media for mushrooms. Agric. Biol. Chem. 41:35–41
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Jantzen E., Bergan T., Bovre K. 1974; Gas chro matography of bacterial whole cell methanolysates. VI. Fatty acid composition of strains within Micrococcaceae.. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand 82:785–798
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Johnson J. L. 1973; Use of nucleic acid homologies in the taxonomy of bacteria. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 23:308–315
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Johnson J. L. 1978; Taxonomy of Bacteroides. I. DNA homologies among Bacteroides fragilis and other sac-charolytic Bacteroides species. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28:245–256
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Johnson J. L., Cummins C. S. 1972; Cell wall composition and deoxyribonucleic acid similarities among the anaerobic coryneforms, classical proprioni-bacteria, and strains of Arachnia proprionia.. J. Bacteriol. 109:1047–1066
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Johnson J. L., Phelps C. F., Cummins C. S., Lon don J., Gasser F. 1980; Taxonomy of the Lactobacillus acidophilus group. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:53–68
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Kates M. 1964; Bacterial lipids. Adv. Lipid Res. 2:17–90
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Kobatake M., Tamabe S., Hasegawa S. 1973; Nouveau micrococcus radioresistant a pigment rouge, isole de feces de Lama glama, et son utilisation comme indicateur microbiologique de la radiosterilisation. C.R. Seances Soc. Biol. Paris 167:1506–1510
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Kocur M., Schleifer K. H. 1975; Taxonomic status of Micrococcus agilis Ali-Cohen 1889. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 25:294–297
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Lancy P. Jr., Murray R. G. E. 1978; The envelope of Micrococcus radiodurans: isolation, purification and preliminary analysis of the wall layers. Can. J. Microbiol 24:162–176
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Lechevalier M. P. 1977; Lipids in bacterial taxonomy— A taxonomists view. Crit. Rev. Microbiol 5:109–210
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Lewis N. F. 1973; Radio-resistant Micrococcus radi-ophilus sp. nov. isolated from irradiated Bombay duck (Harpodon nehereus).. Curr. Sci 42:504
    [Google Scholar]
  28. MacFaddin J. F. 1976; Biochemical tests for identifica tion of medical bacteria. The Williams & Wilkins Co.; Baltimore:
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Marmur J. 1961; A procedure for the isolation of deoxy ribonucleic acid from microorganisms. J. Mol. Biol 3:208–218
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Marmur J., Doty P. 1962; Determination of the base composition of deoxyribonucleic acid from its thermal denaturation temperature. J. Mol. Biol 5:109–118
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Millward G. R., Reaveley D. A. 1974; Electron microscope observations on the cell walls of some gram-positive bacteria. J. Ultrastruct. Res 46:309–326
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Moseley B. E. B. 1967; The isolation and some properties of radiation-sensitive mutants of Micrococcus radiodurans.. J. Gen. Microbiol. 49:293–300
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Moseley B. E. B., Copland H. J. R. 1975; Isolation and properties of recombination-deficient mutants of Micrococcus radiodurans.. J. Bacteriol. 121:422–428
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Moseley B. E. B., Mattingly A., Shimmin M. 1972; Isolation and some properties of temperature-sensitive mutants of M. radiodurans defective in DNA synthesis. J. Gen. Microbiol. 70:399–409
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Raj H. D., Duryee F. L., Deeney A. M., Wang C. H., Anderson A. W., Elliker P. R. 1960; Utilization of carbohydrates and amino acids by Micrococcus radiodurans.. Can. J. Microbiol 6:289–298
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Reynolds E. S. 1963; The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron opaque stain in electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol 17:208–213
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Ryter A., Kellenberger E. 1958; Etude au microscope electronique de plasmas contenant de l’acide de-soxyribonucleique. I. Les nucleoids des bacteries en croissance active. Z. Naturforsch. Teil B 13:597–605
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Sanders S. W., Maxcy R. B. 1979; Patterns of cell division, DNA base compositions, and fine structures of some radiation-resistant vegetative bacteria found in food. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 37:159–168
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Sanders S. W., Maxcy R. B. 1979; Isolation of radiation-resistant bacteria without exposure to radiation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 38:436–439
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Sanger F., Brownlee G. G., Barrell B. G. 1965; A two dimensional fractionation procedure for radioactive nucleotides. J. Mol. Biol 13:373–398
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Schleifer K. H., Kandler O. 1972; Peptidoglycan types of bacterial cell walls and their taxonomic implications. Bacteriol. Rev 36:407–477
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Shaw N. 1974; Lipid composition as a guide to the classification of bacteria. Adv. Appl. Microbiol 17:63108
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Skerman V. B. D., McGowan V., Sneath P. H. A. (ed.) 1980; Approved lists of bacterial names. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:225–420
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Sleytr U. B., Kocur M., Glauert A. M., Thomley M. J. 1973; A study by freeze-etching of the fine structure of Micrococcus radiodurans.. Arch. Mikro-biol 94:77–87
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Sleytr U. B., Silva M. T., Kocur M., Lewis N. F. 1976; The fine structure of Micrococcus radiophilus and Micrococcus radioproteolyticus.. Arch. Microbiol 107:313–320
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Sneath P. H. A. 1956; Cultural and biochemical charac teristics of the genus Chromobacterium.. J. Gen. Microbiol. 15:70–98
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Stackebrandt E., Woese C. R. 1979; A phyloge netic dissection of the Family Micrococcaceae. Curr. Microbiol 2:317–322
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Subcommittee (ICBN) on Taxonomy of Staphylococci and Micrococci 1965 Recommendations. Int. Bull. Bacteriol. Nomencl. Taxon 15:109–110
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Tadayon R. A., Carroll K. K., Murray R. G. E. 1969; Factors affecting the yield and biological activity of lipid extracts of Listeria monocytogenes.. Can. J. Microbiol 15:421–428
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Thomley M. J., Horne R. W., Glauert A. M. 1965; The fine structure of Micrococcus radiodurans.. Arch. Mikrobiol 51:267–289
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Uchida T., Bonen L., Schaup H. W., Lewis B. J., Zablen L., Woese C. 1974; The use of ribonuclease U2 in RNA sequence determination. J. Mol. Evol 3:6377
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Welch A. B., Maxcy R. B. 1979; Characteristics of some radiation-resistant hemolytic micrococci isolated from chicken. J. Food Sci 44:673–675
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Woese C. R., Fox G. E., Zablen L., Uchida T., Bonen L., Pechman K., Lewis B. J., Stahl D. 1975; Conservation of primary structure in 168 ribosomal RNA. Nature (London) 254:83–86
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Woese C., Sogin M., Stahl D., Lewis B. J., Bonen L. 1976; A comparison of the 16S ribosomal RNAs from mesophilic and thermophilic bacilli: Some modifications in the Sanger method for RNA sequencing. J. Mol. Evol 7:197–213
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Work E., Griffiths H. 1968; Morphology and chem istry of cell walls of Micrococcus radiodurans.. J. Bacteriol. 95:641–657
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Yin E. T., Galanos C., Krinsky S., Bradshaw R. A., Wessler S., Luderitz O., Sarmiento M. E. 1972; Picogram-sensitive assay for endotoxin: gelation of Lim-ulus polyphemus blood cell lysate induced by purified lipopolysaccharides and lipid A from gram-negative bacteria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 261:284–289
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Zimmerman R. J., Kloos W. E. 1976; Comparative zone electrophoresis of esterases of Staphylococcus species isolated from mammalian skin. Can. J. Microbiol 22:771–779
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-30-4-627
Loading
/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-30-4-627
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Most cited Most Cited RSS feed