@article{mbs:/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.ac2019.po0467, author = "Schaefer, Katja and Bates, Steven and Ames, Ryan and Christou, Stella and Gow, Neil", title = "The Candida albicans arginase family encodes enzymes with diverse catabolic activities that differentially influence host–fungus interactions", journal= "Access Microbiology", year = "2019", volume = "1", number = "1A", pages = "", doi = "https://doi.org/10.1099/acmi.ac2019.po0467", url = "https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.ac2019.po0467", publisher = "Microbiology Society", issn = "2516-8290", type = "Journal Article", eid = "734", abstract = "In the blood stream, arginine is an essential amino acid that is required by phagocytes to synthesize iNOS. Previously we showed that the fungus Candida albicans induces host arginase production that diverts arginine from the pathway that leads to the production of nitrite oxide. We therefore investigated whether C. albicans arginase activity also contributed to the protection of the fungus by competing for arginine during infections. Three C. albicans genes had been annotated as putative arginase encoding genes. Heterologous expression of these genes suggested all three had some arginase activity and one gene product (Car1) encoded a bone fide arginase that was required for growth on arginine. However, single and double mutations in the two other genes (AGM1 and GBU1) did not affect growth on arginine as a single nitrogen source and were found instead to encode agmatinase and guanidinobutyrase respectively that participate in two other pathways related to arginine metabolism. This family of three enzymes therefore exhibits mixed biochemical activities and collectively participate in the catabolism of exogenous and endogenous sources of arginine. Virulence of the triple mutant lacking all three genes was reduced in a Galleria infection model, but single or double mutants were fully virulent. None of the single or multiple mutants affected host NO production suggesting they do not influence the oxidative burst of phagocytes. In addition, CAR1 expression was required for hyphal growth. This family of enzymes therefore represent a novel enzyme set that is essential for growth in vivo and indirectly for fungal virulence.", }