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Volume 7, Issue 10

Viral–bacterial codetection among patients with pneumonia during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia Open Access

Abstract

Pneumonia is a leading cause of death worldwide, especially among children and the elderly, mainly due to viral and bacterial infections. During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, cases rose as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) also causes pneumonia. This study investigates viral and bacterial detection among SARS-CoV-2-suspected patients with pneumonia admitted to the health care facilities in Jakarta, Indonesia. Of the 245 pneumonia cases, 80 (33%) were confirmed positive for SARS-CoV-2. Among other viruses, paramyxovirus and herpesvirus were the predominant viruses identified (each 7%) followed by influenza virus (5%) and enterovirus (2%). Bacterial screening of nasopharyngeal swab specimens detected 21 (9%) and 14 (6%) positive for and , respectively. Overall, the higher rate of viral–bacterial codetection was observed in the SARS-CoV-2-positive cases than in the negative cases. We found that viral–bacterial codetection was not significantly associated with clinical manifestation, patient outcome or severity.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) , Indonesia , pneumonia , SARS-CoV-2 and viral and bacterial codetection
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100020473 (Award Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional)
    • Principal Award Recipient: SoebandrioAmin
© 2025 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
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2025-10-15
2025-11-10

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/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.0.000888.v4
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Viral–bacterial codetection among patients with pneumonia during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia
Access Microbiology 7, 000888.v4 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1099/acmi.0.000888.v4
/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.0.000888.v4
/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.0.000888.v4
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