1887

Access Microbiology open research platform logo

Volume 4, Issue 1

Genetic and lipidomic analyses suggest that , a plant-symbiotic cyanobacterium, does not produce sphingolipids Open Access

Abstract

Sphingolipids, a class of amino-alcohol-based lipids, are well characterized in eukaryotes and in some anaerobic bacteria. However, the only sphingolipids so far identified in cyanobacteria are two ceramides (i.e. an acetylsphingomyelin and a cerebroside), both based on unbranched, long-chain base (LCB) sphingolipids in and , respectively. The first step in sphingolipid biosynthesis is the condensation of -serine with palmitoyl-CoA to produce 3-keto-diyhydrosphingosine (KDS). This reaction is catalyzed by serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), which belongs to a small family of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent α-oxoamine synthase (AOS) enzymes. Based on sequence similarity to molecularly characterized bacterial SPT peptides, we identified a putative SPT (Npun_R3567) from the model nitrogen-fixing, plant-symbiotic cyanobacterium, strain PCC 73102 (ATCC 29133). Gene expression analysis revealed that is induced during late-stage diazotrophic growth in . However, Npun_R3567 could not produce the SPT reaction product, 3-keto-diyhydrosphingosine (KDS), when heterologously expressed in . This agreed with a sphingolipidomic analysis of cells, which revealed that no LCBs or ceramides were present. To gain a better understanding of Npun_R3567, we inferred the phylogenetic position of Npun_R3567 relative to other bacterial AOS peptides. Rather than clustering with other bacterial SPTs, Npun_R3567 and the other cyanobacterial BioF homologues formed a separate, monophyletic group. Given that does not appear to possess any other gene encoding an AOS enzyme, it is altogether unlikely that is capable of synthesizing sphingolipids. In the context of cross-kingdom symbiosis signalling in which sphingolipids are emerging as important regulators, it appears unlikely that sphingolipids from play a regulatory role during its symbiotic association with plants.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): cyanobacteria , long chain base , Nostoc , serine palmitoyltransferase , sphingolipids and symbiosis
Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • European Molecular Biology Organization (Award ASTF 291 – 2016)
    • Principle Award Recipient: SamuelBelton
  • Irish Research Council (Award GOIPG/2015/2695)
    • Principle Award Recipient: SamuelBelton
© 2022 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.0.000306
2022-01-25
2024-04-19
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/acmi/4/1/acmi000306.html?itemId=/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.0.000306&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Harayama T, Riezman H. Author Correction: Understanding the diversity of membrane lipid composition. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:715 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Bieberich E. Sphingolipids and lipid rafts: Novel concepts and methods of analysis. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 216:114–131 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Raben DM, Wattenberg BW. Signaling at the membrane interface by the DGK/SK enzyme family. J Lipid Res 2009; 50 Suppl:S35–9 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Aït Slimane T, Hoekstra D. Sphingolipid trafficking and protein sorting in epithelial cells. FEBS Lett 2002; 529:54–59 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Kawasaki S, Moriguchi R, Sekiya K, Nakai T, Ono E et al. The cell envelope structure of the lipopolysaccharide-lacking gram-negative bacterium Sphingomonas paucimobilis . J Bacteriol 1994; 176:284–290 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  6. An D, Na C, Bielawski J, Hannun YA, Kasper DL. Membrane sphingolipids as essential molecular signals for Bacteroides survival in the intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 108:4666–4671 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Kitchen SA, Weis VM. The sphingosine rheostat is involved in the cnidarian heat stress response but not necessarily in bleaching. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:1709–1720 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Tartaglio V, Rennie EA, Cahoon R, Wang G, Baidoo E et al. Glycosylation of inositol phosphorylceramide sphingolipids is required for normal growth and reproduction in Arabidopsis . Plant J 2017; 89:278–290 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Heaver SL, Johnson EL, Ley RE. Sphingolipids in host-microbial interactions. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 43:92–99 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Pruett ST, Bushnev A, Hagedorn K, Adiga M, Haynes CA et al. Biodiversity of sphingoid bases (“sphingosines”) and related amino alcohols. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:1621–1639 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Hannun YA, Obeid LM. Many ceramides. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:27855–27862 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Harrison PJ, Dunn TM, Campopiano DJ. Sphingolipid biosynthesis in man and microbes. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:921–954 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Merrill AH, Sullards MC, Allegood JC, Kelly S, Wang E. Sphingolipidomics: high-throughput, structure-specific, and quantitative analysis of sphingolipids by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Methods 2005; 36:207–224 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Hanada K. Serine palmitoyltransferase, a key enzyme of sphingolipid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta 2003; 1632:16–30 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Kerbarh O, Campopiano DJ, Baxter RL. Mechanism of α-oxoamine synthases: identification of the intermediate Claisen product in the 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase reaction. Chem Commun 200660–62 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Raman MCC, Johnson KA, Yard BA, Lowther J, Carter LG et al. The external aldimine form of serine palmitoyltransferase: structural, kinetic, and spectroscopic analysis of the wild-type enzyme and HSAN1 mutant mimics. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:17328–17339 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Hanada K, Hara T, Nishijima M. Purification of the serine palmitoyltransferase complex responsible for sphingoid base synthesis by using affinity peptide chromatography techniques. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:8409–8415 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Ikushiro H, Islam MM, Tojo H, Hayashi H. Molecular characterization of membrane-associated soluble serine palmitoyltransferases from Sphingobacterium multivorum and Bdellovibrio stolpii . J Bacteriol 2007; 189:5749–5761 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Raman MCC, Johnson KA, Clarke DJ, Naismith JH, Campopiano DJ. The serine palmitoyltransferase from Sphingomonas wittichii RW1: an interesting link to an unusual acyl carrier protein. Biopolymers 2010; 93:811–822 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Yard BA, Carter LG, Johnson KA, Overton IM, Dorward M et al. The structure of serine palmitoyltransferase; gateway to sphingolipid biosynthesis. J Mol Biol 2007; 370:870–886 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Olsen I, Jantzen E. Sphingolipids in bacteria and fungi. Anaerobe 2001; 7:103–112 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Antonopoulou S, Oikonomou A, Karantonis HC, Fragopoulou E, Pantazidou A. Isolation and structural elucidation of biologically active phospholipids from Scytonema julianum (cyanobacteria). Biochem J 2002; 367:287–293 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Youssef DTA, Ibrahim SRM, Shaala LA, Mohamed GA, Banjar ZM. New Cerebroside and nucleoside derivatives from a red sea strain of the marine cyanobacterium Moorea producens . Molecules 2016; 21:324 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Pata MO, Hannun YA, Ng CK-Y. Plant sphingolipids: decoding the enigma of the Sphinx. New Phytol 2010; 185:611–630 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Li Y, Lou Y, Mu T, Ke A, Ran Z et al. Sphingolipids in marine microalgae: development and application of a mass spectrometric method for global structural characterization of ceramides and glycosphingolipids in three major phyla. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 986:82–94 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Fyrst H, Herr DR, Harris GL, Saba JD. Characterization of free endogenous C14 and C16 sphingoid bases from Drosophila melanogaster . J Lipid Res 2004; 45:54–62 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Sonnino S, Chigorno V. Ganglioside molecular species containing C18- and C20-sphingosine in mammalian nervous tissues and neuronal cell cultures. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1469:63–77 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Chitwood DJ, Lusby WR, Thompson MJ, Kochansky JP, Howarth OW. The glycosylceramides of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans contain an unusual, branched-chain sphingoid base. Lipids 1995; 30:567–573 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Naka T, Fujiwara N, Yano I, Maeda S, Doe M et al. Structural analysis of sphingophospholipids derived from Sphingobacterium spiritivorum, the type species of genus Sphingobacterium . Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2003; 1635:83–92 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  30. White DC, Tucker AN, Sweeley CC. Characterization of the iso-branched sphinganines from the ceramide phospholipids of Bacteroides melaninogenicus . Biochim Biophys Acta 1969; 187:527–532 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Yano I, Tomiyasu I, Yabuuchi E. Long chain base composition of strains of three species of Sphingobacterium gen. nov. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1982; 15:303–307 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Duggan PS, Gottardello P, Adams DG. Molecular analysis of genes in Nostoc punctiforme involved in pilus biogenesis and plant infection. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:4547–4551 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Ekman M, Picossi S, Campbell EL, Meeks JC, Flores E. A Nostoc punctiforme sugar transporter necessary to establish a Cyanobacterium-plant symbiosis. Plant Physiol 2013; 161:1984–1992 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Whitton BA. Ecology of Cyanobacteria II. In Ecology of Cyanobacteria II: Their Diversity in Space and Time Dordrecht: Springer; 2012 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Meeks JC, Elhai J, Thiel T, Potts M, Larimer F et al. An overview of the genome of Nostoc punctiforme, a multicellular, symbiotic cyanobacterium. Photosynth Res 2001; 70:85–106 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Brown EM, Ke X, Hitchcock D, Jeanfavre S, Avila-Pacheco J et al. Bacteroides-derived sphingolipids are critical for maintaining intestinal homeostasis and symbDerived Sphingolipids Are Critical for Maintaining Intestinal Homeostasis and Symbiosis. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:668–680 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Perotto S. Differential expression of a glycosyl inositol phospholipid antigen on the peribacteroid membrane during pea nodule development. MPMI 1995; 8:560 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Sepahi A, Cordero H, Goldfine H, Esteban MÁ, Salinas I. Symbiont-derived sphingolipids modulate mucosal homeostasis and B cells in teleost fish. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39054 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Rippka R, Deruelles J, Waterbury JB, Herdman M, Stanier RY. Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanbacteria. Microbiology 1979; 111:1–61 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Bergman B, Johansson C, Söderbäck E. The Nostoc-Gunnera symbiosis. New Phytol 1992; 122:379–400 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Chiu W-L, Peters GA, Levieille G, Still PC, Cousins S et al. Nitrogen deprivation stimulates symbiotic gland development in Gunnera manicata . Plant Physiol 2005; 139:224–230 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Álvarez C, Navarro JA, Molina-Heredia FP, Mariscal V. Endophytic colonization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) by the symbiotic strain Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2020; 33:1040–1045 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Belton S, McCabe PF, Ng CKY. The cyanobacterium, Nostoc punctiforme can protect against programmed cell death and induce defence genes in Arabidopsis thaliana . J Plant Interact 2021; 16:64–74 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Hernández-López A, Díaz M, Rodríguez-López J, Guillén G, Sánchez F et al. Uncovering Bax inhibitor-1 dual role in the legume-rhizobia symbiosis in common bean roots. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:1049–1061 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Liang Y, Cao Y, Tanaka K, Thibivilliers S, Wan J et al. Nonlegumes respond to rhizobial Nod factors by suppressing the innate immune response. Science 2013; 341:1384–1387 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Moraes LE, Blow MJ, Hawley ER, Piao H, Kuo R et al. Resequencing and annotation of the Nostoc punctiforme ATTC 29133 genome: facilitating biofuel and high-value chemical production. AMB Express 2017; 7:42 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Markham JE, Li J, Cahoon EB, Jaworski JG. Separation and identification of major plant sphingolipid classes from leaves. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:22684–22694 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Ishikawa T, Ito Y, Kawai-Yamada M. Molecular characterization and targeted quantitative profiling of the sphingolipidome in rice. Plant J 2016; 88:681–693 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Nurul Islam M, Chambers JP, Ng C-Y. Lipid profiling of the model temperate grass, Brachypodium distachyon. Metabolomics 2011; 8:598–613 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Qu F, Zhang H, Zhang M, Hu P. Sphingolipidomic profiling of rat serum by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS: application to rheumatoid arthritis study. Molecules 2018; 23:E1324 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Wang J-R, Zhang H, Yau LF, Mi J-N, Lee S et al. Improved sphingolipidomic approach based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and multiple mass spectrometries with application to cellular neurotoxicity. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5688–5696 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Pinto FL, Thapper A, Sontheim W, Lindblad P. Analysis of current and alternative phenol based RNA extraction methodologies for cyanobacteria. BMC Mol Biol 2009; 10:79 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Ramos-León F, Mariscal V, Frías JE, Flores E, Herrero A. Divisome-dependent subcellular localization of cell-cell joining protein SepJ in the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena . Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:566–580 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Wong FCY, Meeks JC. The hetF gene product is essential to heterocyst differentiation and affects HetR function in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme . J Bacteriol 2001; 183:2654–2661 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Pfaffl MW. A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:e45 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Ikushiro H, Hayashi H, Kagamiyama H. A water-soluble homodimeric serine palmitoyltransferase from Sphingomonas paucimobilis EY2395T strain. Purification, characterization, cloning, and overproduction. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:18249–18256 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Tamagnini P, Troshina O, Oxelfelt F, Salema R, Lindblad P. Hydrogenases in Nostoc sp. strain PCC 73102, a strain lacking a bidirectional enzyme. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:1801–1807 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Geiger O, González-Silva N, López-Lara IM, Sohlenkamp C. Amino acid-containing membrane lipids in bacteria. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 49:46–60 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Katoh K, Misawa K, Kuma K, Miyata T. MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. Nucleic Acids Res 2002; 30:3059–3066 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Katoh K, Standley DM. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol Biol Evol 2013; 30:772–780 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Waterhouse AM, Procter JB, Martin DMA, Clamp M, Barton GJ. Jalview Version 2--a multiple sequence alignment editor and analysis workbench. Bioinformatics 2009; 25:1189–1191 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Wong TKF, Kalyaanamoorthy S, Meusemann K, Yeates DK, Misof B et al. A minimum reporting standard for multiple sequence alignments. NAR Genom Bioinform 2020; 2:lqaa024 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Ho SY, Jermiin L. Tracing the decay of the historical signal in biological sequence data. Syst Biol 2004; 53:623–637 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Jermiin L, Ho SY, Ababneh F, Robinson J, Larkum AW. The biasing effect of compositional heterogeneity on phylogenetic estimates may be underestimated. Syst Biol 2004; 53:638–643 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Vera-Ruiz VA, Robinson J, Jermiin LS, Holder M. A Likelihood-Ratio Test for Lumpability of Phylogenetic Data: Is the Markovian Property of an Evolutionary Process retained in Recoded DNA?. Syst Biol 2021syab074 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Kalyaanamoorthy S, Minh BQ, Wong TKF, von Haeseler A, Jermiin LS. ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nat Methods 2017; 14:587–589 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Dziak JJ, Coffman DL, Lanza ST, Li R, Jermiin LS. Sensitivity and specificity of information criteria. Brief Bioinform 2020; 21:553–565 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Schwarz G. Estimating the dimension of a model. Ann Statist 1978; 6:461–464 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Akaike H. Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In Parzen E, Tanabe K, Kitagawa G. eds Selected Papers of Hirotugu Akaike New York, NY: Springer New York; pp 199–213
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Minh BQ, Schmidt HA, Chernomor O, Schrempf D, Woodhams MD et al. IQ-TREE 2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:1530–1534 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Hoang DT, Chernomor O, von Haeseler A, Minh BQ, Vinh LS. UFBoot2: improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation. Mol Biol Evol 2018; 35:518–522 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Rambaut A. Figtree v1.4.4; 2018 http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/
  73. Alexeev D, Alexeeva M, Baxter RL, Campopiano DJ, Webster SP et al. The crystal structure of 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase: a bacterial PLP-dependent, acyl-CoA-condensing enzyme. J Mol Biol 1988; 284:401–419 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Johnson EL, Heaver SL, Waters JL, Kim BI, Bretin A et al. Sphingolipids produced by gut bacteria enter host metabolic pathways impacting ceramide levels. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2471 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Ikushiro H, Islam MM, Okamoto A, Hoseki J, Murakawa T et al. Structural insights into the enzymatic mechanism of serine palmitoyltransferase from Sphingobacterium multivorum . J Biochem 2009; 146:549–562 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Lowther J, Charmier G, Raman MC, Ikushiro H, Hayashi H et al. Role of a conserved arginine residue during catalysis in serine palmitoyltransferase. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1729–1734 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Le SQ, Gascuel O. An improved general amino acid replacement matrix. Mol Biol Evol 2008; 25:1307–1320
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Crotty SM, Minh BQ, Bean NG, Holland BR, Tuke J et al. GHOST: recovering historical signal from heterotachously evolved sequence alignments. Syst Biol 2019; 69:249–264
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Campbell EL, Christman H, Meeks JC. DNA microarray comparisons of plant factor- and nitrogen deprivation-induced hormogonia reveal decision-making transcriptional regulation patterns in Nostoc punctiforme . J Bacteriol 2008; 190:7382–7391 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Christman HD, Campbell EL, Meeks JC. Global transcription profiles of the nitrogen stress response resulting in heterocyst or hormogonium development in Nostoc punctiforme . J Bacteriol 2011; 193:6874–6886 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Flaherty BL, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Head SR, Golden JW. Directional RNA deep sequencing sheds new light on the transcriptional response of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 to combined-nitrogen deprivation. BMC genomics 2011; 12:332 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Risser DD, Meeks JC. Comparative transcriptomics with a motility-deficient mutant leads to identification of a novel polysaccharide secretion system in nostoc punctiforme. Mol Microbiol 2013; 87:884–893 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Hannich JT, Mellal D, Feng S, Zumbuehl A, Riezman H. Structure and conserved function of iso-branched sphingoid bases from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . Chem Sci 2017; 8:3676–3686 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Cheng X, Jiang X, Tam KY, Li G, Zheng J et al. Sphingolipidomic analysis of C. elegans reveals development- and environment-dependent metabolic features. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2897–2910 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Zhang Y, Wang S, Li X-M, Cui C-M, Feng C et al. New sphingolipids with a previously unreported 9-methyl-C20-sphingosine moiety from a marine algous endophytic fungus Aspergillus niger EN-13. Lipids 2007; 42:759–764 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Caudales R, Wells JM. Differentiation of free-living Anabaena and Nostoc cyanobacteria on the basis of fatty acid composition. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1992; 42:246–251 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Choi KH, Heath RJ, Rock CO. beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III (FabH) is a determining factor in branched-chain fatty acid biosynthesis. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:365–370
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Shiraiwa Y, Ikushiro H, Hayashi H. Multifunctional role of His159 in the catalytic reaction of serine palmitoyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:15487–15495 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Sakaki K, Ohishi K, Shimizu T, Kobayashi I, Mori N et al. A suicide enzyme catalyzes multiple reactions for biotin biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:415–422 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Fujisawa T, Narikawa R, Maeda S-I, Watanabe S, Kanesaki Y et al. CyanoBase: a large-scale update on its 20th anniversary. Nucleic Acids Res 2017D551–D554
     [Google Scholar]
  91. An D, Oh SF, Olszak T, Neves JF, Avci FY et al. Sphingolipids from a symbiotic microbe regulate homeostasis of host intestinal natural killer T cells. Cell 2014; 156:123–133
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Moye ZD, Valiuskyte K, Dewhirst FE, Nichols FC, Davey ME. Synthesis of sphingolipids impacts survival of porphyromonas gingivalis and the presentation of surface polysaccharides. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1919 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Schmidt A, Sivaraman J, Li Y, Larocque R, Barbosa JA et al. Three-dimensional structure of 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate CoA ligase from escherichia coli complexed with a plp-substrate intermediate: inferred reaction mechanism. Biochemistry 2001; 40:5151–5160 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Stankeviciute G, Guan Z, Goldfine H, Klein EA. Caulobacter crescentus adapts to phosphate starvation by synthesizing anionic glycoglycerolipids and a novel glycosphingolipid. mBio 2019; 10:e00107-19 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Astner I, Schulze JO, van den Heuvel J, Jahn D, Schubert W-D et al. Crystal structure of 5-aminolevulinate synthase, the first enzyme of heme biosynthesis, and its link to XLSA in humans. EMBO J 2005; 24:3166–3177 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.0.000306
Loading
Genetic and lipidomic analyses suggest that Nostoc punctiforme, a plant-symbiotic cyanobacterium, does not produce sphingolipids
Access Microbiology 4, 000306 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1099/acmi.0.000306
/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.0.000306
/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.0.000306
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplements

Supplementary material 1

PDF

Most cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error