1887

Access Microbiology open research platform logo

Volume 3, Issue 10

Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy coupled with the use of the photosensitizers methylene blue and temoporfin as a potential novel treatment for in burn infections Open Access

Abstract

Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) is a novel alternative antimicrobial therapy that elicits a broad mechanism of action and therefore has a low probability of generating resistance. Such properties make PACT ideally suited for utilization in localized applications such as burn wounds. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of MB and temoporfin against both a isolate and a isolate in light (640 nm) and dark conditions at a range of time points (0–20 min). A isolate and a isolate were treated with methylene blue (MB) and temoporfin under different conditions following exposure to light at 640 nm and in no-light (dark) conditions. Bacterial cell viability [colony-forming units (c.f.u.) ml] was then calculated. Against , when MB was used as the photosensitizer, no phototoxic effect was observed in either light or dark conditions. After treatment with temoporfin, a reduction of less than one log (7.00×10 c.f.u. ml) was observed in the light after 20 min of exposure. However, temoporfin completely eradicated in both light and dark conditions after 1 min (where a seven log reduction in c.f.u. ml was observed). Methylene blue resulted in a loss of viability, with a two log reduction in bacterial viability (c.f.u. ml) reported in both light and dark conditions after 20 min exposure time. Temoporfin demonstrated greater antimicrobial efficacy than MB against both the and isolates tested. At 12.5 µM temoporfin resulted in complete eradication of . In light of this study, further research into the validity of PACT, coupled with the photosensitizers (such as temoporfin), should be conducted in order to potentially develop alternative antimicrobial treatment regimes for burn wounds.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
Keyword(s): bacteria , burns , infection , methylene blue , photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy and temoporfin
© 2021 The Authors
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.0.000273
2021-10-27
2024-04-18
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/acmi/3/10/acmi000273.html?itemId=/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.0.000273&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Wainwright M, Maisch T, Nonell S, Plaetzer K, Almeida A et al. Photoantimicrobials-are we afraid of the light?. Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 17:e49–e55 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  2. European Commission A European One Health Action Plan against Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR); 2017 https://ec.europa.eu/health/amr/sites/amr/files/amr_action_plan_2017_en.pdf
  3. O’Neill J. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: Final report and recommendations; 2016
  4. Butler JA, Slate AJ, Todd DB, Airton D, Hardman M et al. A traditional Ugandan Ficus natalensis bark cloth exhibits antimicrobial activity against Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:2–10 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Schmitz FJ, Smayevsky J, Bell J et al. Survey of infections due to Staphylococcus species: frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates collected in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Western Pacific region for the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997-1999. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:S114–32 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Song X, Srinivasan A, Plaut D, Perl TM. Effect of nosocomial vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteremia on mortality, length of stay, and costs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003; 24:251–256 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Huttner A, Harbarth S, Carlet J, Cosgrove S, Goossens H et al. Antimicrobial resistance: a global view from the 2013 World Healthcare-Associated Infections Forum. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2013; 2:31 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Tangden T. Combination antibiotic therapy for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Ups J Med Sci 2014; 119:149–153 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Spellberg B, Bartlett JG, Gilbert DN. The future of antibiotics and resistance. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:299–302 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Aminov RI. A brief history of the antibiotic era: lessons learned and challenges for the future. Front Microbiol 2010; 1:134 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Kraus CN. Low hanging fruit in infectious disease drug development. Curr Opin Microbiol 2008; 11:434–438 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Martens E, Demain AL. The antibiotic resistance crisis, with a focus on the United States. J Antibiot 2017; 70:520–526 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Lachiewicz AM, Hauck CG, Weber DJ, Cairns BA, van Duin D. Bacterial infections after burn injuries: impact of multidrug resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 65:2130–2136 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Kalligeros M, Shehadeh F, Karageorgos SA, Zacharioudakis IM, Eleftherios E. MRSA colonization and acquisition in the burn unit: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Burns 2019; 45:1528–1536 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Decraene V, Ghebrehewet S, Dardamissis E, Huyton R, Mortimer K et al. An outbreak of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a burns service in the north of England: Challenges of infection prevention and control in a complex setting. J Hosp Infect 2018; 100:e239–e245 [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Vatansever F, de Melo WC, Avci P, Vecchio D, Sadasivam M et al. Antimicrobial strategies centered around reactive oxygen species--bactericidal antibiotics, photodynamic therapy, and beyond. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2013; 37:955–989 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation: a bright new technique to kill resistant microbes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 33:67–73 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Wainwright M, Crossley KB. Methylene Blue--a therapeutic dye for all seasons. J Chemother 2002; 14:431–443 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  19. de Souza SC, Junqueira JC, Balducci I, Koga-Ito CY, Munin E et al. Photosensitization of different Candida species by low power laser light. J Photochem Photobiol B 2006; 83:34–38 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Usacheva MN, Teichert MC, Biel MA. Comparison of the methylene blue and toluidine blue photobactericidal efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Lasers Surg Med 2001; 29:165–173 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Kofler B, Romani A, Pritz C, Steinbichler TB, Schartinger VH et al. Photodynamic effect of methylene blue and low level laser radiation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1107 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Wainwright M, Phoenix DA, Rice L, Burrow SM, Waring J. Increased cytotoxicity and phototoxicity in the methylene blue series via chromophore methylation. J Photochem Photobiol B 1997; 40:233–239 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Ragàs X, Dai T, Tegos GP, Agut M, Nonell S et al. Photodynamic inactivation of Acinetobacter baumannii using phenothiazinium dyes: In vitro and in vivo studies. Lasers Surg Med 2010; 42:384–390 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Tan J, Cang S, Ma Y, Petrillo RL, Liu D. Novel histone deacetylase inhibitors in clinical trials as anti-cancer agents. J Hematol Oncol 2010; 3:5 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Wagner A, Denzer UW, Neureiter D, Kiesslich T, Puespoeck A et al. Temoporfin improves efficacy of photodynamic therapy in advanced biliary tract carcinoma: A multicenter prospective phase II study. Hepatology 2015; 62:1456–1465 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Berlanda J, Kiesslich T, Engelhardt V, Krammer B, Plaetzer K. Comparative in vitro study on the characteristics of different photosensitizers employed in PDT. J Photochem Photobiol B 2010; 100:173–180 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Senge MO, Brandt JC. Temoporfin (Foscan(R), 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin)--a second-generation photosensitizer. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:1240–1296 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Whang TJ, Huang HY, Hsieh MT, Chen JJ. Laser-induced silver nanoparticles on titanium oxide for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:4707–4718 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Yang K, Gitter B, Ruger R, Albrecht V, Wieland GD et al. Wheat germ agglutinin modified liposomes for the photodynamic inactivation of bacteria. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:548–556 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Huang L, Dai T, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation and photodynamic therapy for infections. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 635:155–173 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Rineh A, Bremner JB, Hamblin MR, Ball AR, Tegos GP et al. Attaching NorA efflux pump inhibitors to methylene blue enhances antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation of Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii in vitro and in vivo. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2736–2740 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Wainwright M, Phoenix DA, Marland J, Wareing DRA, Bolton FJ. A study of photobactericidal activity in the phenothiazinium series. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1997; 19:75–80 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Gad F, Zahra T, Hasan T, Hamblin MR. Effects of growth phase and extracellular slime on photodynamic inactivation of Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:2173–2178 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  34. de Oliveira RR, Schwartz-Filho HO, Novaes AB, Taba M. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the non-surgical treatment of aggressive periodontitis: a preliminary randomized controlled clinical study. J Periodontol 2007; 78:965–973 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Alves E, Faustino MA, Neves MG, Cunha A, Tome J et al. An insight on bacterial cellular targets of photodynamic inactivation. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:141–164 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Kranz S, Guellmar A, Volpel A, Gitter B, Albrecht V et al. Photodynamic suppression of Enterococcus faecalis using the photosensitizer mTHPC. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 43:241–248 [View Article] [PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.0.000273
Loading
Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy coupled with the use of the photosensitizers methylene blue and temoporfin as a potential novel treatment for Staphylococcus aureus in burn infections
Access Microbiology 3, 000273 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1099/acmi.0.000273
/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.0.000273
/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.0.000273
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Most cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error