1887

Abstract

Symbiotic microbes that live within plant hosts can exhibit a range in function from mutualistic to pathogenic, but the reason for this lifestyle switching remains largely unknown. Here we tested whether environmental stress, specifically salinity, is a factor that can trigger lifestyle switching in a fungus mainly known as a pathogen, was isolated from roots of (common reed) in saline coastal marshes of Louisiana, USA, and we used (rice) as a model organism from wetland environments to test the symbiont lifestyle. We plated rice seeds on control plates or plates with at three levels of salinity (0, 8 and 16 p.p.t.), then assessed germination and seedling growth after 20 days. Salinity strongly reduced percentage germination, slowed the timing of germination and reduced growth of rice. slowed germination, and it also caused a minor increase in root growth at medium salinity and a minor decrease in root growth at high salinity. Overall, despite being a common pathogen in other crop species (peas, beans, potatoes and many types of cucurbits), we found little evidence that has a strong pathogenic lifestyle in rice and we found weak evidence that pathogenicity may increase slightly with elevated salinity. These results have implications for both crops and native plant health in the future as soil salinization increases worldwide.

Funding
This study was supported by the:
  • Louisiana Board of Regents
    • Principle Award Recipient: Not Applicable
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.0.000114
2020-03-16
2024-04-16
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/acmi/2/6/acmi000114.html?itemId=/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.0.000114&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Newton AC, Fitt BDL, Atkins SD, Walters DR, Daniell TJ. Pathogenesis, parasitism and mutualism in the trophic space of microbe–plant interactions. Trends Microbiol 2010; 18:365–373 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Johnson NC, Graham JH, Smith FA. Functioning of mycorrhizal associations along the mutualism-parasitism continuum. New Phytol 1997; 135:575–585 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Redman RS, Dunigan DD, Rodriguez RJ. Fungal symbiosis from mutualism to parasitism: who controls the outcome, host or invader?. New Phytologist 2001; 151:705–716 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Mandyam KG, Jumpponen A. Mutualism-parasitism paradigm synthesized from results of root-endophyte models. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:776 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Redman RS, Sheehan KB, Stout RG, Rodriguez RJ, Henson JM. Thermotolerance generated by plant/fungal symbiosis. Science 2002; 298:1581 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Álvarez-Loayza P, White JF, Torres MS, Balslev H, Kristiansen T et al. Light converts endosymbiotic fungus to pathogen, influencing seedling survival and Niche-Space filling of a common tropical tree, Iriartea deltoidea. PLoS One 2011; 6:16386 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Soares MA, Li H-Y, Kowalski KP, Bergen M, Torres MS et al. Evaluation of the functional roles of fungal endophytes of Phragmites australis from high saline and low saline habitats. Biol Invasions 2016; 18:26892702 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Rodriguez RJ, Henson J, Van Volkenburgh E, Hoy M, Wright L et al. Stress tolerance in plants via habitat-adapted symbiosis. ISME J 2008; 2:404–416 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Waller F, Achatz B, Baltruschat H, Fodor J, Becker K et al. The endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica reprograms barley to salt-stress tolerance, disease resistance, and higher yield. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:13386–13391 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Lata R, Chowdhury S, Gond SK, White JF. Induction of abiotic stress tolerance in plants by endophytic microbes. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 66:268–276 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Kuldau GA, Yates IE. Evidence for Fusarium endophytes in cultivated and wild plants. In Bacon CW, White JF. (editors) Microbial Endophytes New York: Marcel Dekker, Basel Pages; 2000 pp 85–120
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Rupe JC. Frequency and pathogenicity of Fusarium solani recovered from soybeans with sudden death syndrome. Plant Dis 1989; 73:581–584 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Chakraborty U, Chakraborty BN. Interaction of Rhizobium leguminosarum and Fusarium solani f.sp. pisi on pea affecting disease development and phytoalexin production. Can J Bot 1989; 67:1698–1701 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Higgins KL, Coley PD, Kursar TA, Arnold AE. Culturing and direct PCR suggest prevalent host generalism among diverse fungal endophytes of tropical forest grasses. Mycologia 2011; 103:247–260 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Keddy PA. Water, Earth, Fire Xlibris: Loiusiana’s Natural Heritage; 2008
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Fischer MS, Rodriguez RJ. Fungal endophytes of invasive Phagramites australis populations vary in species composition and fungicide susceptibility. Symbiosis 2013; 61:55–62 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Chu WK, Wong MH, Zhang J, Accumulation ZJ. Accumulation, distribution and transformation of DDT and PCBs by Phragmites australis and Oryza sativa L.: I. whole plant study. Environ Geochem Health 2006; 28:159–168 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Armstrong J, Armstrong W, Rice AW. Rice and Phragmites: effects of organic acids on growth, root permeability, and radial oxygen loss to the rhizosphere. Am J Bot 2001; 88:1359–1370 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Billingsley Tobias T, Farrer EC, Rosales A, Sinsabaugh RL, Suding KN et al. Seed-associated fungi in the alpine tundra: both mutualists and pathogens could impact plant recruitment. Fungal Ecol 2017; 30:10–18 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. R Core Team R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R foundation for statistical computing; 2019
  21. Todaka D, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K. Recent advances in the dissection of drought-stress regulatory networks and strategies for development of drought-tolerant transgenic rice plants. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:84 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Smith AP, Chen D, Chalk PM. N2 fixation by faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in a gypsum-amended sodic soil. Biol Fertil Soils 2009; 45:329–333 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Läuchli A, Grattan S. plant growth and development under salinity stress. In Jenks MA, Hasegawa PM, Jain SM. (editors) Advances in Molecular Breeding Toward Drought and Salt Tolerant Crops Dordrecht: Springer; 2007
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Flowers TS, Yeo AR. Effects of Salinity on Plant Growth and Crop Yields. In Cherry JH. editor Environmental Stress in Plants 19 Berlin Heidelberg: Springer; 1989
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Shahid SA. Developments in soil salinity assessment, modeling, mapping, and monitoring from regional to submicroscopic scales. In Shahid SA, Adbdelfattah MA, Taha FK. (editors) Developments in Soil Salinity Assessment and Reclamation: Innovative Thinking and Use of Marginal Soil and Water Resources in Irrigated Agriculture Dordrecht: Springer; 2013 pp 3–44
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Herbert ER, Boon P, Burgin AJ, Neubauer SC, Franklin RB et al. A global perspective on wetland salinization: ecological consequences of a growing threat to freshwater wetlands. Ecosphere 2015; 6:art206 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Smith P, House JI, Bustamante M, Sobocká J, Harper R et al. Global change pressures on soils from land use and management. Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:1008–1028 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Zargar MY, Beigh GM. Biocontrol of fusarium root rot in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by using symbiotic glomus mosseae and Rhizobium leguminosarum . Microb Ecol 1997; 34:74–80 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Lozovaya VV, Lygin AV, Zernova OV, Li S, Hartman GL et al. Isoflavonoid accumulation in soybean hairy roots upon treatment with Fusarium solani. Plant Physiol Biochem 2004; 42:671–679 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Siti Nordahliawate MS, Azliza N I, Salleh B. Distribution and diversity of Fusarium species associated with grasses in ten states throughout Peninsular Malaysia. Biotropica 2009; 16:55–64
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Falloon RE. Fungi pathogenic to ryegrass seedlings. Plant Soil 1985; 86:79–86 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Tian P, Nan Z, Li C, Spangenberg G. Effect of the endophyte Neotyphodium lolii on susceptibility and host physiological response of perennial ryegrass to fungal pathogens. Eur J Plant Pathol 2008; 122:593–602 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Redman RS, Kim YO, Woodward CJDA, Greer C, Espino L et al. Increased fitness of rice plants to abiotic stress via habitat adapted symbiosis: a strategy for mitigating impacts of climate change. PLoS One 2011; 6:14823 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  34. González-Teuber M, Urzúa A, Plaza P, Bascuñán-Godoy L et al. Effects of root endophytic fungi on response of Chenopodium quinoa to drought stress. Plant Ecol 2018; 219:231–240 [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.0.000114
Loading
/content/journal/acmi/10.1099/acmi.0.000114
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error