1887

Abstract

Cell-to-cell trafficking through different cellular layers is a key process for various RNAs including those of plant viruses and viroids, but the regulatory mechanisms involved are still not fully elucidated and good model systems are important. Here, we analyse the function of a simple RNA motif (termed ‘loop19’) in potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) which is required for trafficking in leaves. Northern blotting, reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and hybridization analyses demonstrated that unlike wild-type PSTVd, which was present in the nuclei in all cell types, the trafficking-defective loop19 mutants were visible only in the nuclei of upper epidermal and palisade mesophyll cells, which shows that PSTVd loop19 plays a role in mediating RNA trafficking from palisade to spongy mesophyll cells in leaves. Our findings and approaches have broad implications for studying the RNA motifs mediating trafficking of RNAs across specific cellular boundaries in other biological systems.

Keyword(s): function , motif , movement , RNA and viroid
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.000630
2017-01-01
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/98/1/121.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.000630&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Baulcombe D. RNA silencing in plants. Nature 2004; 431:356–363 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Gopinath K, Kao CC. Replication-independent long-distance trafficking by viral RNAs in Nicotiana benthamiana . Plant Cell 2007; 19:1179–1191 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Lucas WJ, Ham BK, Kim JY. Plasmodesmata – bridging the gap between neighboring plant cells. Trends Cell Biol 2009; 19:495–503 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Takeda R, Ding B. Viroid intercellular trafficking: RNA motifs, cellular factors and broad impacts. Viruses 2009; 1:210–221 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Turgeon R, Wolf S. Phloem transport: cellular pathways and molecular trafficking. Annu Rev Plant Biol 2009; 60:207–221 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Chitwood DH, Timmermans MC. Small RNAs are on the move. Nature 2010; 467:415–419 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Chuck G, O'Connor D. Small RNAs going the distance during plant development. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2010; 13:40–45 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Hannapel DJ. A model system of development regulated by the long-distance transport of mRNA. J Integr Plant Biol 2010; 52:40–52 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Lehesranta SJ, Lichtenberger R, Helariutta Y. Cell-to-cell communication in vascular morphogenesis. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2010; 13:59–65 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Benitez-Alfonso Y, Faulkner C, Ritzenthaler C, Maule AJ. Plasmodesmata: gateways to local and systemic virus infection. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2010; 23:1403–1412 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Notaguchi M, Wolf S, Lucas WJ. Phloem-mobile Aux/IAA transcripts target to the root tip and modify root architecture. J Integr Plant Biol 2012; 54:760–772 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Zhong X, Tao X, Stombaugh J, Leontis N, Ding B. Tertiary structure and function of an RNA motif required for plant vascular entry to initiate systemic trafficking. EMBO J 2007; 26:3836–3846 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Zhong X, Archual AJ, Amin AA, Ding B. A genomic map of viroid RNA motifs critical for replication and systemic trafficking. Plant Cell 2008; 20:35–47 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Ding B. The biology of viroid–host interactions. Annu Rev Phytopathol 2009; 47:105–131 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Lough TJ, Lee RH, Emerson SJ, Forster RL, Lucas WJ. Functional analysis of the 5' untranslated region of potexvirus RNA reveals a role in viral replication and cell-to-cell movement. Virology 2006; 351:455–465 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Leontis NB, Lescoute A, Westhof E. The building blocks and motifs of RNA architecture. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2006; 16:279–287 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Steitz TA. A structural understanding of the dynamic ribosome machine. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008; 9:242–253 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Takeda R. Investigation of RNA structural motifs in a viroid required for its intercellular trafficking and characterization of a plant RNA ligase essential for viroid replication Dissertation Ohio, USA: The Ohio State University, Columbus; 2010 pp 71–105
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Hu Y, Feldstein PA, Hammond J, Hammond RW, Bottino PJ et al. Destabilization of potato spindle tuber viroid by mutations in the left terminal loop. J Gen Virol 1997; 78:1199–1206 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Zhu Y, Green L, Woo YM, Owens RA, Ding B. Cellular basis of potato spindle tuber viroid systemic movement. Virology 2001; 279:69–77 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.000630
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.000630
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error